Excretory System Flashcards
Marine (saltwater) fish are ____to their environment
hypoosmotic
Freshwater fish are ________ to their environment.
hyperosmotic
What do marine fish do as a result of them being hypoosmotic to their environment?
- Constantly drink water
- Rarely urinate
- Secrete accumulated salts through their gills
What do freshwater fish do as a result of them being hyperosmotic to their environment?
- Rarely drink water
- Constantly urinate
- Absorb salts through their gills
Kidney are made up of what 3 parts?
Cortex (outer)
Medulla (middle)
Pelvis (inner)
What are the 4 main processes that occur in the nephron?
FRSE
Filtration, Reasborption, Secretion and Excretion
_______ occurs in the cortex at the ______ _______
Filtration, renal corpuscle
What does the renal corpuscle consist of?
Glomerulus & the Bowman’s capsule
Blood enters from the _____ arteriole into the _________
AFFerent, glomerulus
________ forces plasma through the sieve (glomerulus)
Hydrostatic pressure
The ______ the nephron, the more _______ the urine will be.
longer, concentrated
What type of cells are in the Bowman’s capsule?
Podocytes
Podocytes surround and form what around the glomerulus?
fenestrations
Fenestrations allow what to be filtered into the Bowman’s capsule?
Small substances (water and solutes) to be filtered into the Bowman’s capsule
What substances remain in the blood when being filtered
larger
ex. proteins and blood cells
The glomerulus exits the __________ via the ________ arteriole, which goes on to form the _______ __________.
Bowman’s capsule, efferent, peritubular capillaries
Most of the reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule through what process?
Active transport
Most of the reabsorption occurs in the _______ ________ __________
proximal convoluted tubule
The distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs _____ and _____
Na+ and Cl-
What are the two molecules that the nephron reabsorbs almost completely.
Glucose and amino acids
What has selective permeability in the nephron?
Loop of Henle
What is loop of henle surrounded by?
Vasa recta (lots of capillaries)
The loop of Henle descends into the _______
medulla
Water is reabsorbed into the blood as the filtrate travels ______ the _______ limb
DOWN, the descending limb (filtrate becomes more concentrated).
Solutes are reabsorbed as the filtrate travels _____ the ________ limb
UP, the ascending limb (filtrate becomes less concentrated).
T/F: The ascending limb is impermeable to water
TRUE
Due to secretion, he interstitial fluids surrounding the nephron to become concentrated with what?
Salts!
After going through the loop of henle where does the filtrate go?
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Na+ and Cl- are reabsorbed in the _____, with ______ following passively.
DCT, water
After going through the DCT where does the filtrate go?
Collecting duct
In the collecting duct, is water being moved passively in or out of the filtrate?
OUT! this concentrates the urine
After going through the collecting duct where does the filtrate go?
Renal pelvis then ureter
Where is urine stored?
the bladder
What structure connected the kidney to the bladder?
the ureter
What structure is urine excreted from?
the urethra
What types of cells can detect changes in blood pressure and volume
Juxtaglomerular cells
Activated renin and angiotensinogen forms what hormone?
angiotensin I
Activated ACE and angiotensin I forms what hormone?
angiotensin II
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (flight-or-flight) stimulates the kidney to release what hormone?
Renin
Angiotensin II increases _____ and _______
BP and blood volume
Angiotensin II stimulates the release of what? from where?
aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex
Angiotensin II increases the reabsorption of what? from where?
Na+, the proximal tubule
Water always follows what?
Salt
Angiotensin II is a systemic ______, which increases ______
vasoconstrictor, TPR
Angiotensin II increases _______, which increases _____ _______ _______
thirst, blood liquid volume (increased TPR too)
Aldosterone is produced by what gland?
Adrenal cortex
______ increases salt and water reabsorption and potassium secretion in the distal tubules and collecting ducts.
Aldosterone
Aldosterone increases salt and water reabsorption and potassium secretion in the _______ ________ and _______ _______
distal tubules and collecting ducts
ADH is released by what gland?
posterior pituitary
ADH causes what to insert into the collecting duct of the nephron and increases water reabsorption?
aquaporins
Alcohol ________ ADH, so less water is reabsorbed, and you urinate _________.
inhibits, more
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) main function
decreases BP
Why is ANP released, it is in response to what?
To atrial distension by increased blood volume and pressure.
ADH main functions FIX
Reduce BV & BP
Increases water reabsorption/permeability in the collecting duct
Increases aquaporins
How does ANP reduce BV and BP?
- Increasing the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
- Decreasing sodium reabsorption
- Increasing sodium excretion
- Inhibiting renin (means no RAAS system)
When blood pressure is ______, these cells release ________.
Low, juxtaglomerular cells release renin
ADH targets what structure in the nephron?
collecting duct
