Plants Flashcards
Endosperm?
storage material, provides the embryo with nutrients
Embryo consists of what?
- Radicle
- Hypocotyl
- Plumule
- Epicotyl
Radicle
first to emerge, develops into root,
anchors the plant into soil.
Hypocotyl
bottom region of young shoot.
Plumule
develops into leaves
Epicotyl
top region (shoot tip)
Germination
the sprouting of a seedling from a previously dormant state when environmental conditions are favorable.
What is the most important condition in germination? Why?
Water
The seed absorbs water (imbibition) which breaks the seed coat & initiates growth.
Where does plant growth take place? Meiosis or mitosis?
Meristems
Mitosis
What type of growth is primary growth? Where does it occur?
Vertical
Apical meristerms
What are the 3 zones of the root tip?
Zone of division
Zone of elongation
Zone of maturation
Zone of division
where apical meristem cells
are located and divide
Zone of elongation
above apical meristem,
cells absorb water and elongate
Zone of maturation
cells differentiate to
specific plant tissues
What type of growth is secondary growth? Where does it occur? Any specific plants it occurs in?
Horizontal
Lateral meristems (vascular cambium and cork cambium). Only occurs in woody plants.
What is the root cap?
Covers roots protecting the apical meristem
What is the vascular cambium ?
Ring of meristematic tissue located between primary xylem (closer to center) and primary phloem (closer to outer edge).
What is the cork cambium ?
Ring of meristematic tissue located outside the phloem. Produces cork, the outermost protective layer.
Vascular Cambium:
Cells produced ______ become _____ ______ (forms bark with cork and cork cambium).
outside, secondary phloem
Vascular Cambium:
Cells produced _____ the ring of vascular cambium become ______ _______(forms wood along with pith)
inside, secondary xylem
T/F: New phloem is produced every year
FALSE, only new xylem is produced
T/F: New phloem replaces old phloem
TRUE!
Ground tissue provides ______ ______ and makes up most of the plant’s _____
structural support, mass
What is ground tissue made up of?
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Parenchyma
filler tissue, makes up the bulk of plant, thin cell walls.
Collenchyma
extra support (e.g. in areas of active growth), irregular cell walls.
Sclerenchyma
provides main structural support, thick cell walls.
What are the 3 types of plant tissue?
Ground, Vascular and Dermal
What 2 things make up vascular tissue?
Phloem and Xylem
Phloem
transports sugars from leaves (source) to roots and other areas (sink). Made of sieve cells (long cells, lacking organelles, connected to form a tunnel for transport) and companion cells (connected to sieve cells, contain organelles for metabolic functions).
Vascular tissue transports materials from a _____ to a _____
source to a sink (source to sink theory)
What is the stele formed by?
By xylem, phloem, and the pith (made of parenchyma) in the center of the plant for transport.
Xylem
transports water from roots (source) to leaves (sink) and provides structural support
Xylem are made up of what?
Made up of tracheids
Dermal tissue is made up of what?
Epidermis and root hairs
Epidermis
Covered by cuticle (waxy layer) which limits water evaporation.
Root Hairs do what?
Increase surface area of roots
for greater nutrient and water uptake.
What is used to uptake water through roots?
symplastic pathway (inside cell)
apoplastic pathway (outside cell)
Casparian strip
What is it made up of?
Where does it force water to?
Made of fat and wax
Impenetrable substance in the cell walls of the roots
Forces water coming from cell walls into the cytoplasm for filtering
- wax-like barrier found in plant roots that controls the movement of water in roots.
Homosporous plants:
Bisexual gametophyte
Produces one type of spore
Heterosporous plants
Mega/Micro develop into what?
Produces two types of spores
Megaspores develop into the female gametophyte
Microspores become the male gametophyte.
Where is the stomata located?
What does the stomata allow?
Lower epidermis
Gas exchange
Leaves are covered by an epidermal layer, covered by a waxy ______
cuticle
Stomata are _____ when CO2 concentration is _____
open
low
allows for CO2 intake and photosynthesis
Stomata are _____ when CO2 concentrations are _____ and when temperatures are _____
closed
high
high
prevents water loss via transpiration
Water ______ to the guard cells makes them _____, opening the stomata
influx
swollen
Whats another word for water loss
desiccation
What makes up the mesophyll?
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Bundle sheath cells
Palisade mesophyll
Closer to upper epidermis, tightly packed cells that carry out
photosynthesis.
Spongy mesophyll
closer to lower epidermis,
loosely-packed allowing for gas exchange.
Bundle sheath cells
surround and protect the
vascular bundles.
What is the driving force?
Transpiration and cohesion
What is the adhesive force?
Capillary action
- causes water to climb upwards
What is the osmotic gradient caused by?
Root pressure
builds up in roots to produce an osmotic gradient which drives water from soil into the roots
Leaves are _____
sources
Roots and other areas are _____
sinks
What do source cells produce?
What does this cause?
Sugar
Water being pulled into phloem
Ethylene hormone function
Gas that increases fruit ripening
*plants ethy-lean
Auxins hormone function
Cause cell growth, tropism
*turn up aux volume, increase cell volume
Types of asymmetric growth due to auxins
Phototropism: growth towards light
Gravitropism: growth away from pull of
gravity
Thigmotropism: growth in response to
contact
Cytokinin hormone function
Cell differentiation
*cyto=cell, kinin=cell division compound
Gibberellins
elongation, flowering, fruit production
*gibber-elongation and Growth
Abscisic Acid
Inhibit growth, stress
*acid can’t be good for plants
Name the three nonvascular plants
LongHorn N(m)etwork
Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses
Name some characteristics ab Bryophytes
- small & short
- moist habitats
- horizontally grown
- contain rhizoids
- life spent mostly in gametophyte stage
Tracheophytes are what
Vascular plants
The stamen is a plant’s ______ sex organ.
The pistil is the plant’s ______ sex organ
male
female
