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DAT BIO > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Endosperm?

A

storage material, provides the embryo with nutrients

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2
Q

Embryo consists of what?

A
  • Radicle
  • Hypocotyl
  • Plumule
  • Epicotyl
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3
Q

Radicle

A

first to emerge, develops into root,
anchors the plant into soil.

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4
Q

Hypocotyl

A

bottom region of young shoot.

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5
Q

Plumule

A

develops into leaves

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6
Q

Epicotyl

A

top region (shoot tip)

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7
Q

Germination

A

the sprouting of a seedling from a previously dormant state when environmental conditions are favorable.

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8
Q

What is the most important condition in germination? Why?

A

Water
The seed absorbs water (imbibition) which breaks the seed coat & initiates growth.

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9
Q

Where does plant growth take place? Meiosis or mitosis?

A

Meristems
Mitosis

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10
Q

What type of growth is primary growth? Where does it occur?

A

Vertical
Apical meristerms

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11
Q

What are the 3 zones of the root tip?

A

Zone of division
Zone of elongation
Zone of maturation

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12
Q

Zone of division

A

where apical meristem cells
are located and divide

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13
Q

Zone of elongation

A

above apical meristem,
cells absorb water and elongate

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14
Q

Zone of maturation

A

cells differentiate to
specific plant tissues

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15
Q

What type of growth is secondary growth? Where does it occur? Any specific plants it occurs in?

A

Horizontal
Lateral meristems (vascular cambium and cork cambium). Only occurs in woody plants.

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16
Q

What is the root cap?

A

Covers roots protecting the apical meristem

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17
Q

What is the vascular cambium ?

A

Ring of meristematic tissue located between primary xylem (closer to center) and primary phloem (closer to outer edge).

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18
Q

What is the cork cambium ?

A

Ring of meristematic tissue located outside the phloem. Produces cork, the outermost protective layer.

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19
Q

Vascular Cambium:
Cells produced ______ become _____ ______ (forms bark with cork and cork cambium).

A

outside, secondary phloem

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20
Q

Vascular Cambium:
Cells produced _____ the ring of vascular cambium become ______ _______(forms wood along with pith)

A

inside, secondary xylem

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21
Q

T/F: New phloem is produced every year

A

FALSE, only new xylem is produced

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22
Q

T/F: New phloem replaces old phloem

A

TRUE!

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23
Q

Ground tissue provides ______ ______ and makes up most of the plant’s _____

A

structural support, mass

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24
Q

What is ground tissue made up of?

A

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

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25
Q

Parenchyma

A

filler tissue, makes up the bulk of plant, thin cell walls.

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26
Q

Collenchyma

A

extra support (e.g. in areas of active growth), irregular cell walls.

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27
Q

Sclerenchyma

A

provides main structural support, thick cell walls.

28
Q

What are the 3 types of plant tissue?

A

Ground, Vascular and Dermal

29
Q

What 2 things make up vascular tissue?

A

Phloem and Xylem

30
Q

Phloem

A

transports sugars from leaves (source) to roots and other areas (sink). Made of sieve cells (long cells, lacking organelles, connected to form a tunnel for transport) and companion cells (connected to sieve cells, contain organelles for metabolic functions).

31
Q

Vascular tissue transports materials from a _____ to a _____

A

source to a sink (source to sink theory)

32
Q

What is the stele formed by?

A

By xylem, phloem, and the pith (made of parenchyma) in the center of the plant for transport.

33
Q

Xylem

A

transports water from roots (source) to leaves (sink) and provides structural support

34
Q

Xylem are made up of what?

A

Made up of tracheids

35
Q

Dermal tissue is made up of what?

A

Epidermis and root hairs

36
Q

Epidermis

A

Covered by cuticle (waxy layer) which limits water evaporation.

37
Q

Root Hairs do what?

A

Increase surface area of roots
for greater nutrient and water uptake.

38
Q

What is used to uptake water through roots?

A

symplastic pathway (inside cell)
apoplastic pathway (outside cell)

39
Q

Casparian strip
What is it made up of?
Where does it force water to?

A

Made of fat and wax
Impenetrable substance in the cell walls of the roots
Forces water coming from cell walls into the cytoplasm for filtering
- wax-like barrier found in plant roots that controls the movement of water in roots.

40
Q

Homosporous plants:

A

Bisexual gametophyte
Produces one type of spore

41
Q

Heterosporous plants
Mega/Micro develop into what?

A

Produces two types of spores
Megaspores develop into the female gametophyte
Microspores become the male gametophyte.

42
Q

Where is the stomata located?
What does the stomata allow?

A

Lower epidermis
Gas exchange

43
Q

Leaves are covered by an epidermal layer, covered by a waxy ______

A

cuticle

44
Q

Stomata are _____ when CO2 concentration is _____

A

open
low
allows for CO2 intake and photosynthesis

45
Q

Stomata are _____ when CO2 concentrations are _____ and when temperatures are _____

A

closed
high
high
prevents water loss via transpiration

46
Q

Water ______ to the guard cells makes them _____, opening the stomata

A

influx
swollen

47
Q

Whats another word for water loss

A

desiccation

48
Q

What makes up the mesophyll?

A

Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Bundle sheath cells

49
Q

Palisade mesophyll

A

Closer to upper epidermis, tightly packed cells that carry out
photosynthesis.

50
Q

Spongy mesophyll

A

closer to lower epidermis,
loosely-packed allowing for gas exchange.

51
Q

Bundle sheath cells

A

surround and protect the
vascular bundles.

52
Q

What is the driving force?

A

Transpiration and cohesion

53
Q

What is the adhesive force?

A

Capillary action
- causes water to climb upwards

54
Q

What is the osmotic gradient caused by?

A

Root pressure
builds up in roots to produce an osmotic gradient which drives water from soil into the roots

55
Q

Leaves are _____

A

sources

56
Q

Roots and other areas are _____

A

sinks

57
Q

What do source cells produce?
What does this cause?

A

Sugar
Water being pulled into phloem

58
Q

Ethylene hormone function

A

Gas that increases fruit ripening
*plants ethy-lean

59
Q

Auxins hormone function

A

Cause cell growth, tropism
*turn up aux volume, increase cell volume

60
Q

Types of asymmetric growth due to auxins

A

Phototropism: growth towards light
Gravitropism: growth away from pull of
gravity
Thigmotropism: growth in response to
contact

61
Q

Cytokinin hormone function

A

Cell differentiation
*cyto=cell, kinin=cell division compound

62
Q

Gibberellins

A

elongation, flowering, fruit production
*gibber-elongation and Growth

63
Q

Abscisic Acid

A

Inhibit growth, stress
*acid can’t be good for plants

64
Q

Name the three nonvascular plants

A

LongHorn N(m)etwork
Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses

65
Q

Name some characteristics ab Bryophytes

A
  • small & short
  • moist habitats
  • horizontally grown
  • contain rhizoids
  • life spent mostly in gametophyte stage
66
Q

Tracheophytes are what

A

Vascular plants

67
Q

The stamen is a plant’s ______ sex organ.
The pistil is the plant’s ______ sex organ

A

male
female

DAT BIO (22 decks)

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