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DAT BIO > Cellular Energy > Flashcards

Cellular Energy Flashcards

1
Q

Is ATP less or more stable than ADP

A

Less stable because of the additional negatively charged phosphate

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2
Q

Cellular respiration is a _______ process?

A

catabolic
breaks down glucose for energy

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3
Q

Endosymbiotic theory?

A

aerobic bacteria= mitochondria
photosynthetic bacteria= chloroplasts

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4
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast similarities

A
  1. They are similar in size.
  2. They possess their own circular DNA.
  3. They have ribosomes with a large & small subunit.
  4. Reproduce independently of host cell
  5. Have double membranes
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5
Q

Aerobic Cellular Resp. Steps

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. Oxidative phosphorylation
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6
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytosol

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7
Q

What process does not require mitochondrial enzymes

A

Glycolysis
Bc it occurs in the cytosol

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8
Q

Enzymes involved in glycolysis

A

Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase

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9
Q

Pyruvate Oxidation Steps

A
  1. Decarboxylation (CO2 released)
  2. Oxidation (NAD+ to NADH)
  3. Coenzyme A (produces acetyl coA)
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10
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

Euk: mitochondrial matrix
Prok: cytosol

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11
Q

What steps of cellular respiration directly produce ATP? How much in each step?

A

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
Glycolysis= 2 ATP
Krebs cycle= 2 GTP/ATP
Ox. phospho= 32-34 ATP

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12
Q

What is the ETC goal?

A

Regenerate electron carriers & create an electrochemical gradient to power ATP production

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13
Q

What is the final acceptor in the ETC

A

Oxygen, it gets reduced to form water via complex 4

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14
Q

Where are protons pumped to and from in Oxidative phosphorylation? Essentially, the ETC of cellular respiration pumps protons (H+) from where to where?
What is very acidic because of this?

A
  • Mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space, forming an electrochemical gradient
  • Intermembrane space is highly acidic.
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15
Q

Is NADH more effective than FADH2? Where does it drop off electrons? What does it regenerate?

A

Yes, drops electrons off at complex 1 and regenerates NAD+

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16
Q

Where does FADH2 drop off electrons? What does it regenerate?

A

At complex II
Regenerates FAD
*Fewer protons are pumped due to the bypassing of complex I

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17
Q

What does ATP Synthase do?

A

Acts as a channel protein
Provides hydrophilic tunnel allowing protons to flow down electrochem. gradient
*This spontaneous movement generates energy that is used to convert ADP + Pi into ATP, a condensation reaction that is endergonic

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18
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

A

Euk: mitochondrial matrix
Prok: cytosol

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19
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur (ETC)

A

Euk: mitochondrial inner membrane
Prok: cellular membrane

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20
Q

What type of reaction is aerobic respiration

A

Exergonic

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21
Q

NADH produces how much ATP

A

3
*NADH from glycolysis produces less

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22
Q

FADH2 produces how much ATP

A

2

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23
Q

How much ATP is transferred to Euk and Prok during Glycolysis to Pyruvate Ox?

A

Euk: 4-6 (Some ATP used for shuttle)
Prok: 6 (because NO shuttle needed!)

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24
Q

What type of pathway is fermenatation? What does is rely on?

A

Anaerobic
ONLY relies on glycolysis!!!

25
Q

Where does fermentation occur?

26
Q

What are the 2 most common types of fermentation?

A

Lactic acid
Alcohol

27
Q

Lactic acid fermentation main function

A

Uses 2 NADH from glycolysis to reduce the 2 pyruvate into 2 lactic acid

28
Q

Lactic acid fermentation steps
Where does this mainly occur?

A
  1. 2NADH reduces 2 pyruv. to lactic acid
  2. NADH is oxidized back to NAD+
  • RBCs and muscle cells bc no mitochondria
29
Q

What cycle is used to help convert lactate back into glucose once oxygen is available again?

A

Cori cycle

30
Q

What does the Cori cycle do to lactate cells?

A

It transports the lactate to liver cells, where it can be oxidized back into pyruvate.

31
Q

Alchohol fermentation main function

A

uses the 2 NADH from glycolysis to convert the 2 pyruvate into 2 ethanol

32
Q

Alcohol fermentation steps

A
  1. 2NADH reduces 2 pyruv. to 2-ethanol
  2. NADH is oxidized back to NAD+
  3. Decarboxylation of pyruvate into acetaldehyde
  4. Acetaldehyde (reduced by NADH) into ethanol
33
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

NEED Oxygen
ONLY use aerobic respiration

34
Q

Obligate ANaerobes

A

Organism poisoned by Oxygen

35
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Can do aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation

36
Q

Microaerophiles

A

ONLY aerobic respiration
Too much O2 is bad

37
Q

Aerotolerant organisms

A

ONLY anaerobic respiration or fermentation
O2 is NOT poisonous to them

38
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

the release of glucose-6-phosphate from glycogen

39
Q

______, such as _____, are the most efficient at generating ATP per carbon atom.

A

lipids, triglycerides

40
Q

Besides glucose, what are the more preferred energy sources in order from most to least?

A

Carbohydrates>fats>proteins

41
Q

Glycogenesis

A

the conversion of glucose into glycogen to be stored in the liver for energy

42
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

Stored in the liver and muscle cells

43
Q

Beta-oxidation

A
  • Requires energy investment!
  • Free fatty acids are converted into acetyl-CoA (makes tons of ATP)
  • Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells
44
Q

Lipases digest what into what

A

Fats into free fatty acids and alcohols through lipolysis

45
Q

Adipocytes store what?
What type of enzymes do they have?

A

Fats (triglycerides)
Lipase enzymes (albumin/lipoprotein blood circulation release)

46
Q

What are chylomicrons

A

Lipoprotein transport structures formed by the fusing of triglycerides w/ proteins, phospholipids, & cholesterol.

47
Q

What are lacteals?

A

small lymphatic vessels that take fats to the rest of the body

48
Q

What is the process that proteins undergo after being broken down into amino acids? What does it create?

A

oxidative deamination
(creates toxic ammonia)

49
Q

Humans convert ammonia into what?

50
Q

Glycolysis reactants
Glycolysis products

A

R: glucose, ATP, NAD+ and ADP/Pi
P: ATP, NADH and pyruvate

51
Q

Pyruvate Ox reactants
Pyruvate Ox products

A

R: pyruvate, NAD+ and CoA
P: CO2, NADH and acetyl CoA

52
Q

Krebs Cycle reactants
Krebs Cycle products

A

R: acetyl CoA, NAD+, FAD and ADP
P: CO2, NADH, FADH2 and ATP

53
Q

Ox Phospho reactants
Ox Phospho products

A

R: NADH, FADH2, O2 and ADP/Pi
P: NAD+, FAD, H2O and ATP

54
Q

Where do the protons move in aerobic respiration?
This best represents the generation of ATP because when protons (H+) move down their concentration gradient (from high to low) as they travel from the highly concentrated ______ to ________

A

intermembrane space to mitochondrial matrix

55
Q

Beta oxidation occurs where in eukaryotic cells?

A

Beta-oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells

56
Q

In all biosynthetic/anabolic reactions, the products are ____ ordered and have a _____ ______ when compared to the reactants.

A

more, decreased entropy

57
Q

____ and ______ produce much less ATP per molecule of glucose than aerobic respiration.

A

Glycolysis and fermentation

58
Q

Beta-oxidation is the process that breaks _____ acids into ______ ____ that can go into the Krebs cycle

A

fatty, acetyl CoA

DAT BIO (22 decks)

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