repro sys Flashcards
production offspring by means of uniting gametes (sperm and egg) (fertilization
sexual reproduction
_____ reproductive organs secrete androgen hormones, produce gametes (sperm), and facilitate fertilization
male
_____ reproductive organs secrete female hormones, produce gametes (ova), facilitate fertilization and sustain growth of the embryo and fetus
female
(the testes in males and ovaries in females): site for gamete production and hormone secretion
Gonads
store and transport gametes
various ducts
produce secretions to protect and support the gametes
accessory sex glands
deliver and/or assist in joining gametes (penis in male, vagina and uterus in female)
supporting structures
o vas deferens (ductus deferens)
o ejaculatory ducts
o urethra
Ducts
o seminal vesicles (2)
o Prostate (1)
o bulbourethral glands (2)
Glands
supporting structure for the testes
o sac of loose skin and superficial fascia that hangs from the root of the penis
o Contraction of muscle fibers regulates the testicular temp to that required for sperm production
(2-3 ^o below the core temp)
scrotum
supportive structure
connects to the scrotum, and consists of:
o The vas deferens
o The testicular artery
o Veins and lymphatics
o Autonomic nerves
Spermatic cord:
The testis is divided into ______
o contains 1-3 ________ where sperm are produced
lobules. seminiferous tubules
contains the urethra
o passageway for the ejaculation of semen and the excretion of urine
penis
parts of penis
body, glans penis, and root
the body of the penis has three cylindrical masses of tissue: each surrounded by ________ (fibrous tissue). the _____ extends the length of the corpora cavernosa penis and corpus spongiosum penis.
tunica albuginea
The penis has two dorsolateral masses:
corpora cavernosa
Underneath the two dorsolateral masses is a smaller midventral mass called ________ . (contains the spongy urethra keeps it open during Ejaculation)
corpus spongiosum
testicular descent and development of male external genitalia
Prenatal secretion of testosterone:
: male secondary sexual characteristics
Secretion of testosterone at puberty
The male secondary sexual characteristics:
stimulation of anabolism (musculoskeletal and protein growth)
hair growth patterns
lowering of the voice
development of libido (sexual drive)
produced in the seminiferous tubules by spermatogonia
spermatozoa
At puberty, the anterior pituitary increases secretion of LH and FSH
oLH (leutenizing hormone) stimulates ______ cells, between seminiferous tubules, to secrete _______
Leydig. testosterone
the production or development of mature spermatozoa.
Spermatogenesis
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates ______ cells increasing the rate of _____
Sertoli. spermatogenesis
As the degree of spermatogenesis (sperm formation) Increases to a certain point, Sertoli cells release ______, a hormone that inhibits ______
inhibin. FSH
help in supporting, protecting and provide nutrition to spermatogenic cells
the function of the Sertoli cells
Sperm contains several structures that are highly adapted for _______ a secondary oocyte
reaching and penetrating
The head of the sperm contains:
- nucleus with 23 highly condensed chromosomes (half the normal number)
- an acrosome
cap-like vesicle with enzymes that help a
sperm to penetrate a secondary oocyte
acrosome
The tail of the sperm contains:
o Anterior portion (middle piece) contains many mitochondria which provide the energy (ATP) for locomotion
Sperm travel via the following route:
o Seminiferous tubules
o Rete testis (network)
o Efferent ducts
o Ductus epididymis
o Vas (ductus) deferens
o Ejaculatory duct (within the prostate gland)
o Urethra
the 3 portions of the urethra
prostatic
membranous
penile
o viscous, alkaline fluid (mainly during ejaculation)
o makes up 60% of the total volume.
o Contains: fructose (_______), prostaglandins (to stimulate smooth muscle _______), and clotting proteins (______)
Seminal vesicles:. for energy. contractions. fibrinogen
Seminal vesicles
* _____ neutralizes the ______ of the male urethra and the female reproductive tract
alkalinity. acidity
: chestnut-sized, donut-shaped gland
o 25% of ejaculate volume.
o milky, slightly ______ solution
o Containing: citric acid (______), acid phosphatase, and proteolytic enzymes (PSA and hyaluronidase)
Prostate. acidic. for energy
: pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate.
o protective alkaline mucus (decreases sperm damage in the urethra)
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
Sexual stimulation (visual, tactile, auditory, olfactory, or imagined) triggers _______ fibers initiating and maintaining an erection
sacral parasympathetic
The Male Sexual Response
o arteries that supply the penis ____ and blood enters penile sinuses in the erectile tissue
o smooth muscle within the erectile tissue _____ resulting in widening of the blood sinuses
dilate. relaxes
______ stimulation is necessary for the rest of the sexual response, including ejaculation
Sympathetic
o Smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder ______
o Semen is propelled into the _____ portion of the urethra (emission)
o Peristaltic contractions culminate in the release of semen from the urethra to the exterior
closes. penile.
Male ejactulation. male erection
sympathetic. parasympathetic
The period after orgasm is known as the
refractory period
During the refractory period, release of the neurohormones _____ and _____ produce a feeling of relaxation
oxytocin. prolactin
The period after orgasm is known as the refractory period.
During this time, release of the neurohormones oxytocin and prolactin produce a feeling of relaxation
o Release of these hormones (and others, like
_______) also serves as a reward mechanism that regulates pair-bonding and ______ between the partners
vasopressin. sexual imprinting
ovaries (female gonads)
uterine tubes
(fallopian tubes/ducts)
Uterus
Vagina
External organs
(vulva, or pudendum)
Female Reproductive system
The Ovarian cortex contains
ovarian follicles
The Ovarian medulla contains
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
o produce mature 2o oocytes (female gametes)
o release one (ovulation) during each monthly ovarian cycle
o secrete the female hormones estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and relaxin
ovaries
The ______ provide a site for fertilization
uterine tubes
______ oocytes are formed from the oogonia by the mitotic division
primary oocyte
______ oocytes are formed from the primary oocytes by first meiotic division
secondary
The 2o oocyte enters the _____
Ovum is transported through the _____ and ______ to the Uterus.
infundibulum. ampulla. isthmus
pear shaped organ between the urinary bladder and the rectum
o part of the pathway for sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the uterine tubes
o site of implantation of a fertilized ovum
o development of the fetus during pregnancy
o labor
o During reproductive cycles when implantation does not occur, the uterus is the source of menstrual flow
uterus
Anatomical subdivisions of the uterus:
Fundus:______
Body,: _______
cervix : ________
: dome-shaped superior portion (top)
: central portion tapers to a narrow isthmus
: opens into the vagina through the cervical
canal
The cervical canal has an _____ to the uterine cavity and an ______ to the vagina
internal os, external os
: fibromuscular canal lined with mucous membrane
o extends from exterior of the body to the cervix.
o composed of both ______ and ______
muscle
Vagina. longitudinal. circular
3 Vagina functions:
o Passageway for menstrual flow
o Receive sperm
o Form the lower birth canal
o Mons pubis (created by ______ tissue)
o Clitoris: Erectile tissue
o Labia majora (outer limits of ______) and labia minora (covers the ______)
o Vestibule, the area between the labia minora
o Vaginal orifice (opening)
Vulva (female external genitalia) refers to
the:. adipose. vulva. vestibule
Anterior to the vaginal orifice and posterior to the clitoris
External urethral orifice:
Mucus-secreting ______ flank the external urethral orifice (homologous to the prostate gland in males)
paraurethral glands
on either side of the vaginal orifice
o open by ducts into a groove between the hymen and labia minora.
o produce lubricating mucous during sexual arousal
Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands
: modified sudoriferous glands that produce milk
contains 15–20 lobes divided into_____
Breasts (mammary glands): . lobules
Breast Lobules: composed of milk-secreting
glands called _____
alveoli
_____ in the ovaries and uterus
o Each cycle takes about a month
o oogenesis (ovarian cycle)
o preparation of the _____ to receive a fertilized ovum
Cyclical changes. uterus
: cycle of hormones secreted in the brain (GnRH, FSH, and LH)
Hypothalamic/pituitary cycle:
: occurs in the ovaries where 1o , 2o and 3o follicles are formed
ovarian cycle:
: refers to the monthly cycling of the endometrium when a woman is not pregnant
uterine cycle
formation of gametes in the ovaries
oogenesis
During early fetal development, ______ cells differentiate into oogonia
primordial germ
diploid (2n) stem cells that divide mitotically
Oogonia
Most oogonia degenerate, a few develop into
______ that enter prophase of meiosis I
(during fetal development) but do not
______
1o oocytes. complete it
Most oogonia degenerate, a few develop into
______ that enter prophase of meiosis I
(during fetal development) but do not
______
1o oocytes. complete it
During the interim (an ______ stage of
development), each 1o oocyte is surrounded
by follicular cells in a _______
arrested. primordial follicle
At puberty, under the influence of LH and FSH (the brain ______)
gonadotropins
Several primordial follicles will be stimulated each month
o Maturing oocytes within maturing follicles become a_____ oocyte within a ___ follicle at the point of ovulation
2o. 3o
: produced from completed meiosis I along with a polar body
Only one follicle will typically
reach the point of ovulation each month
2o oocyte:
The Ovarian Cycle Consists of Both:
Oocyte maturation and follicle maturation
At ovulation: _____ (mature Graafian
follicle) expels the ____ into the pelvic
cavity
3o follicle. 2o oocyte
The 2o oocyte swept into the uterine tube by
_______
if not fertilized, it degenerates
if fertilized, meiosis II resumes
infindibulum
what people refer to as “the egg”
2o oocyte
After ovulation, a mature Graafian follicle
becomes a _______, essential for establishing and maintaining pregnancy in females.
corpus luteum
The corpus luteum:
o secretes _______ thicken the endometrium
o and _______, develops and maintains the endometrium
o After approx. 14 days, if the 2o oocyte is not
fertilized, the corpus luteum stops secreting and degenerates into a _________ (a mass of fibrous scar tissue)
estrogens. progesterone. corpus albicans
Without estrogen and progesterone, the uterine lining _______ (menses)
If, on the other hand, ________,
human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG- produced by the developing embryo) prevents the corpus luteum from decaying well into the 1st trimester until the placenta can take over
sloughs. pregnancy occurs
Window of opportunity for fertilization is
approximately ______ before ovulation to ______ after ovulation (the sperm can survive 48-72 hrs. in the uterine tube)
2 days. 1 day
At the moment of ______, a sperm penetrates the plasma membrane of the 2o oocyte and the nuclear material of the two cells unite to reconstitute the normal number of chromosomes (2n)
o The new diploid cell is called a _______
conception. zygote
Estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin are all secreted by ______ (and the placenta during pregnancy)
ovaries
o presence of secondary sex characteristics (adipose tissue in the breasts, mons pubis, abdomen, and hips, voice pitch, and broad pelvis)
o It also lowers blood cholesterol and assists with fluid and electrolyte balance and protein anabolism
Estrogen:
: is the principal hormone responsible for maturation of the uterine endometrium, as well as an important player in stimulating breast development
o It inhibits GnRH and LH through a negative
feedback loop
Progesterone:
is released by the corpus luteum; it relaxes
the myometrium and the pubic symphysis at the end of pregnancy
relaxin
is released by granulosa cells, and then in
large amount by the corpus luteum; it inhibits FSH and LH
Inhibin
In many ways the uterine or menstrual cycle closely parallels the events happening in the ovaries
o Under the influence of the ovarian hormones, the uterine lining undergoes cyclic events (4 phases) every 28 days (on average)
_______ marks the beginning of the cycle
This is followed at day 5 by the _______
______ occurs on about day 14, after which the _______ begins
-Menses
-pre-ovulatory phase
-Ovulation
-post-ovulatory phase
:GnRH->FSH -> Follicles begin developing
Pre-Ovulatory:
Estrogen (builds up endometrium)
Developing Follicle->
peak in Estrogen->Peak in LH - >Ovulation
Mature Follicle->
Ovulation->Corpus Luteum->Progesterone (more build up of endometrium + inhibition of LH+GnRH) Inhibin (inhibits LH+FSH)…..Corpus Luteum decays->Menses
read?
degeneration of the endometrium when levels of progesterone become insufficient
Menses
Insufficient Progesterone -> Prostaglandin ->
_________ -> reduction in blood flow: endometrial tissue eventually sloughs, and is passed out through the vagina
constriction of supply arteries.
Estrogens released from the new developing
follicles restores the uterine epithelium
Pre-ovulatory (proliferative phase):
Estrogens and progesterone from the corpus luteum increase the secretion of mucous-rich
glycogen from endometrial glands and the endometrium reaches maximum thickness and maturity
Post-ovulatory (secretory phase):
Sexual stimulation-> stimulation of ________ fibers and nitric oxide dilation of the erectile tissues – in this case, of the clitoris
sacral parasympathetic
