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A&P 2 > Endocrine Pt.2 > Flashcards

Endocrine Pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

small, round masses of tissue
attached to the posterior surface of the lateral lobes of
the thyroid gland

A

Parathyroid glands

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2
Q

usually____ parathyroid glands attached to each lobe of the thyroid, one superior and one inferior

A

two

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3
Q

made by the more
numerous chief (principal) cells of the gland..Stimulates
• osteoclastic activity in the bones
• Ca2+ reabsorption in the
kidneys
• (Indirectly) Ca2+ absorption
from the GI tract

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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4
Q

is made by the parafollicular (C-cells) of the thyroid gland and
when secreted____ the blood calcium level

A

Calcitonin (Thyrocalcitonin), lowers

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5
Q

An increase in blood calcium will stimulate the C-cells
of the thyroid to

A

secrete calcitonin

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6
Q

Steroid hormones like cortisol

A

the adrenal cortex

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7
Q

Catecholamines like norepinephrine

A

the adrenal medulla

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8
Q

The adrenal cortex is peripherally located.
The cortex has____ zones, each of which secretes a different group of____ hormones

A

three. steroid

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9
Q

Most superficial, mineralocorticoids

A

Zona glomerulosa

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10
Q

Middle, glucocorticoids,
primarily cortisol

A

Zona fasciculata

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11
Q

Deepest,
weak androgens
(masculinizing hormones)

A

Zona reticularis

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12
Q

regulate the concentrations of Na+ and K+ in the blood (affects blood volume/pressure)

A

Mineralocorticoids

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13
Q

is the major hormone in this group (Zona glomerulosa)

A

Aldosterone

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14
Q

influence glucose metabolism and the ability to resists the effects of stress

A

Glucocorticoids

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15
Q

is the major hormone in this group (Zona fasciculata)

A

Cortisol

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16
Q

Weak ____ (masculinizing sex hormones) have little effect in men, but play an important role in
promoting libido in women

A

androgens

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17
Q

important part of the renin-angiotensin-
aldosterone system (RAAS)

A

Aldosterone

18
Q

Low BP (or blood volume)stimulates juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney to secrete the enzyme

A

renin

19
Q

• Renin converts angiotensinogen (in the blood) into
angiotensin I
• Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the lungs
by angiotensin converting enzyme

A

(ACE)

20
Q

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone (salt and H20 resorption indirectly increases BP), and it is a
potent vasoconstrictor (which directly increases BP) and it is a
potent vasoconstrictor (which directly increases BP)

A

Angiotensin II

21
Q

Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) regulate metabolism
promoting breakdown of proteins and fats to____

A

form glucose (gluconeogenesis)

22
Q

(Reduce/Increase) inflammatory effects by inhibiting white blood cells.
glucocorticoids are very useful in the treatment of
chronic inflammatory disorders such as Lupus,
though long term side-effects are severe

A

Reduce

23
Q

a modified sympathetic ganglion of the ANS
and is innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons

A

adrenal
medulla,

24
Q

The catecholamines_____ (80%), and____4_ (20%),

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

25
Q

Response to emotional or physical threats, whether
actual or imagined
Can include events normally considered to be “good”, as well as bad
for instance, a marriage can be as stressful as a
divorce, a birth as stressful as a death, etc.

A

General adaptation syndrome (GAS) or stress response

26
Q

If stress is extreme, unusual, or long lasting, the normal
mechanisms may not be enough, and they may elicit a
series of changes called the

A

stress response or GAS

27
Q

Three stages to a prolonged stress response

A

alarm reaction, resistance reaction, and exhaustion

28
Q

short-lived fight-or-flight response initiated by the hypothalamus and mediated by the sympathetic division of the ANS
it brings huge amounts of glucose and oxygen to the
brain, the lungs, and skeletal muscles
the RAAS is also activated to maintain blood volume
and BP

A

Alarm reaction:

29
Q

initiated in by hypothalamic releasing hormones, longer-lasting response. release of high levels of cortisol and thyroid hormones assures that the body can sustain necessary metabolic needs

A

Resistance reaction

30
Q

occurs when the body’s reserves become so depleted that they cannot sustain the resistance stage. Prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol and other hormones causes wasting of muscle, suppression of the immune system, ulceration of the GI tract, and failure of pancreatic beta cells… disease often ensues

A

Exhaustion

31
Q

Is the pancreas an endocrine or exocrine gland

A

Both

32
Q

acini

A

exocrine cells

33
Q

pancreatic islets

A

Endocrine

34
Q

Each pancreatic islet contains four types of hormone-
secreting cells:

A

alpha (A), beta (B), delta (D), and F cells

35
Q

Alpha cells secrete

A

Glucagon

36
Q

Beta cells secrete

A

Insulin

37
Q

increases blood glucose levels by acting
on hepatocytes to convert glycogen and other nutrients to glucose

A

Glucagon

38
Q

decreases blood glucose
hepatocytes convert glucose to glycogen. facilitating diffusion of glucose into the cells for usage

A

Insulin

39
Q

Insulin and glucagon are _____hormones in that
their actions act to balance one
another in terms of blood glucose

A

counter- regulatory

40
Q

paracrine hormone inhibiting both insulin
and glucagon. also inhibits the secretion
of hGH • The interactions of
somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptides are complex and not well understood

A

Somatostatin

41
Q

(enlargement of the breasts and widening of the hips) at puberty onward

A

female secondary sex characteristics

42
Q

prepares the uterine lining for
implantation of a fertilized ovum

A

Progesterone

A&P 2 (27 decks)

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