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A&P 2 > metabolism > Flashcards

metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolic reactions: consumed nutrients ->______ -> body’s growth, repair, and normal functioning

A

chemical
energy and raw materials

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2
Q

sum of all body chemical reactions

A

metabolism

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3
Q

Exergonic

A

provide more energy than they consume (Catabolism)
Provides energy and raw materials for

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4
Q

Endergonic

A

consume more energy than they produce (anabolism)
Growth and Repair

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5
Q

A ____ is a “food or liquid that supplies the body’s
metabolic needs”.

A

nutrient

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6
Q

Nutrients include:

A

Necessary chemical, Fuel for energy, Building block or raw material

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7
Q

Water, Minerals(inorganic), Vitamins (organic)

A

Necessary chemical

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8
Q

Carbohydrates, Lipids, (Proteins)

A

Fuel for energy

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9
Q

Carbohydrates, Lipids, (proteins)

A

Building block or raw material

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10
Q

_____ create/use energy in the “high-energy” phosphate bonds of ATP, where it can be released quickly and easily

A

Cellular reactions

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11
Q

______ temporarily stores and transfers energy given off in catabolic
reactions and transfers it to anabolic reactions that require energy

A

ATP

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12
Q

Chemical reactions in which a pair of electrons are exchanged

A

REDOX Reactions

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13
Q

removal (Loss) of electrons

A

oxidation

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14
Q

addition (Gain) of electrons

A

Reduction

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15
Q

Oxygen REALLY attracts
______
Reducing oxygen (and oxidizing
something else) gives energy

A

electrons.

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16
Q

Biological REDOX reactions often move hydrogen ions
along with the electrons and so are called

A

dehydrogenation (REDOX ) reaction

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17
Q

The electrons/hydrogen are
transferred to _____
NAD, or FAD (B vitamins)

A

intermediaries

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18
Q

is the body’s preferred source of fuel

A

glucose

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19
Q

4 ATP: substrate level phosphorylation (directly
transferring a high energy phosphate from one organic
molecule to another) in

A

glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

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20
Q

either 32 or 34 ATP: xxxxx using the
cytochromes of the electron transport chain

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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21
Q

(polysaccharide consisting of branched glucose
monomers) is the only stored form of carbohydrate in our
bodies

A

glycogen

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22
Q

: producing glycogen from glucose

A

glycogenesis

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23
Q

the opposite of glycogenesis:
stored glycogen is broken down into glucose and released
into the blood to be transported to cells

A

glycogenolysis

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24
Q

forming “new” glucose (or other steps
in glycolysis/Krebs cycle) from fat or protein (non-
carbohydrate sources)

A

gluconeogenesis

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25
Q

Chemical reactions are
_____ (ie
Pyruvic acid can be converted
back to glucose
at the cost of ATP)

A

reversible

26
Q

one subgroup of lipids called fats

A

triglycerides

27
Q

Other lipids include waxes, sterols (steroid hormones), fat-
soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K),
monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others,
Triglycerides are a condensed form of useable energy

A

read

28
Q

All single carbon-carbon
bonds

A

saturated

29
Q

some double or triple
C-C bonds

A

unsaturated

30
Q

nonpolar therefore very hydrophobic
 To be transported in watery blood, they combine with lipoproteins (produced in the liver)

A

Triglycerides

31
Q

 hydrophillic shell
(amphipathic molecules)
 hydrophobic interior

A

lipoproteins

32
Q

any of a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma.

A

lipoprotein

33
Q

fat synthesis

A

lipogenesis

34
Q

oxidation
(catabolism) of lipids to yield glucose (which then yields
ATP) the breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids.

A

lipolysis

35
Q

If the body has no
immediate needs,
lipids are stored
in adipose
tissue

A

read

36
Q

Triglyceride->fatty acids +glycerol

A

lipolysis

37
Q

fatty acid->
Acetyl-CoA +[H2] +
2shorter fatty acid

A

Beta oxidation:

38
Q

the process by which fatty acids are broken down to produce energy

A

beta oxidation

39
Q

High levels of Acetyl-CoA from
Beta oxidation in the liver results
in the formation of

A

ketoacids

40
Q

is a
normal part of fat breakdown, but
an excess will cause a metabolic
acidosis
Excess ketones can be eliminated
by the kidneys

A

ketogenesis

41
Q

are not a primary source of energy; and unlike
lipids and sugars, xxx are not stored

A

proteins

42
Q

‘old’ Proteins are broken
down into ____.
“new” amino acids require
_____ (-NH2) _____

A

amino acids. amino group

43
Q

transfer of an amino group (NH2) to pyruvic
acid or another acid in the Krebs cycle to form an amino acid

A

Transamination

44
Q

removal of an amino group leaving the carbons
of a carboxylic acid to be used to make ATP

A

Deamination

45
Q

amino acids that can’t be synthesized
by the body

A

Essential amino acids:

46
Q

are the others that can be
synthesized by the body (with an amino group + carbs/lipids

A

Non-essential amino acids:

47
Q

acetyl-CoA, glucose-6-phosphate, and
pyruvic acid key entry points into, and out of the
Krebs cycle

A

pivitol molecules

48
Q

ingested nutrients are entering the blood
stream from the digestive tract
 Storage is important

A

absorbitive state

49
Q

energy needs must be met by fuels in the body

A

Postabsorptive state:

50
Q

is critical because
the nervous system and red blood cells depend solely on
glucose as an energy source

A

Maintaining a steady blood glucose

51
Q

Excess fuel molecules
are converted and _____
in hepatocytes, adipocytes,
and skeletal muscle cells

A

stored

52
Q

promotes entry
of glucose and amino acids into
cells

A

insulin

53
Q

About 4 hours after the last meal the body works to maintain

A

normal blood glucose levels

54
Q

breakdown of liver glycogen, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis

A

using lactic acid and amino acids

55
Q

Every time energy is used or produced in the body some of it
takes the form of

A

heat

56
Q

Internal (core) body temperature at 37°C (97-99°F)

A

read

57
Q

Heat _____ occurs through:
 Metabolism: physical activity in addition to BMR
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is measured with the body in a
quiet, fasting condition

A

gain

58
Q

Heat ____ occurs through:
 Evaporation: converting a liquid to a gas (sweat,
moisture from respiratory tract)

A

loss

59
Q

Heat _____ (from hot to cold) occurs through:
 Conduction: materials in contact with the body
 Convection: gas or liquid flows over an object
 Thermal radiation: electromagnetic radiation
(infrared, and encompassing visible light) between two
bodies not in contact
 (skin and lungs primarily)

A

transfer

60
Q

the bodys thermostat

A

hypothalamus

61
Q

skin blood vessels constrict
thyroid hormones and catecholamines
(epinephrine and norepinephrine) raise
metabolism.
shivering may ensue
Behavior: You ‘feel cold’

A

core temperature declines,

62
Q

blood vessels of the skin dilate
sweat glands are stimulated
metabolic rate is lowered
Behavior: You ‘feel hot’

A

core temperature rises

A&P 2 (27 decks)

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