exam 2 pt. 2 Flashcards
Blood is “____ quarts” (≈ 5 liters) of a specialized, fluid, CT
cells/formed elements (45%)
5.
salt-water-and-protein solution called
blood plasma (55%)
what is more dense? water or blood?
blood
blood is slightly warmer than core
body temperature
(T = 38o C)
blood ph
slightly alkaline (7.35-7.45)
is 92% water, with dissolved solutes consisting
mostly of various proteins, electrolytes, and gasses
plasma
The major plasma proteins are
Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen (clotting protein)
osmotic pressure, viscosity, carrier for some
hydrophobic molecules, synthesized in live
albumin
carrier for some hydrophobic molecules, contribute to immunity
globulins
: important in hemostasis
Fibrinogen (clotting protein)
formation of formed elements in red bone marrow
hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)
cells and cell fragments suspended in the plasma.
formed elements
the classes of formed elements
erythrocytes (rbc), leukocytes (white blood cells), and the thrombocytes (platelets)
vast bulk of the formed elements 4–6 x 106/mm3 by number
rbc
HIGHLY Specialized for O2 transport
rbc
Only survive ~120 days, recycled in
spleen and liver
rbc
rbc’s are shaped as bi-concave discs for
rapid gas diffusion
No nucleus, mitochondria or any protein making machinery
rbc
which formed element is filled with hemoglobin
rbc
is a protein molecule adapted to carry O2 (and CO2 as well)
hemoglobin (hgb)
hemoglobin binds oxygen best at high or low pH
high pH
High concentrations of CO2 lead to
low pH
low CO2 =
high pH
production of RBC’s
Erythropoiesis
hypoxia (O2 deficiency) stimulates the kidneys to release the hormone ____
erythropoietin (EPO)
speeds up the maturation and release of immature red cells
erythropoietin
between 5-10 x 10^3/mm^3
WBC’s
have nuclei and a full complement of other organelles
wbc
granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
agranulocytes
monocytes and lymphocytes
most numerous WBC in normal blood (60-
70% of circulating white cells) phagocytize bacteria
neutrophils
respond to multicellular parasites, allergens
eosinophils
inflamatory response
basophils
major group of phagocytic cells. Common in peripheral tissues
monocytes
respond to very specific foreign antigens
lymphocytes
Shifts in the normal percentages of circulating WBCs will often point towards a bacterial infection (elevated percentage of _____) or a viral infection (elevated percentage of_____)
. neutrophils. lymphocytes
In this peripheral blood smear a patient with lymphocytic ______ has a WBC >150,000 and 90% of the WBCs are cancerous lymphocytes!
leukemia
phagocytic cells. destroy bacteria
neutrophils
Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes. Also destroy some types of parasitic worms.
eosinophils
Release histamine and other chemical defenses. Play a role in allergic reactions. When xxxxx leave the bloodstream and enter the tissues, they are called mast cells.
basophils
Several subtypes exist. Two subtypes, B cells and T cells, make antibodies as part of the specific immune response. Other subtypes kill a wide variety of microbes. Others are helped cells, aiding in antibody production
lymphocytes
Leave the bloodstream and enter the tissues, where they are called macrophages. Primarily act as phagocytic cells.
monocytes
huge cells that splinter into 2000 to 3000 fragments while still in the red bone marrow
megakaryocytes
Each fragment of megakaryocytes is a
platelet/thrombocyte
more numerous than WBCs (150-400 x 103/mm3 )
platelets
short life span (5 to 9 days)
platelets
Involved in Hemostasis (stopping blood flow)
platelets
is a sequence of responses that stops bleeding
* must be quick,
* localized to the region of damage
hemostasis
Three mechanisms reduce blood loss
- Vascular spasm
- Platelet plug
- Fibrin clot
occurs as damaged blood vessels
constrict
vascular spasm
Platelets adhere to damaged endothelium to form a
platelet plug
Clotting proteins normally dissolved in the blood get activated. One activated clotting protein triggers the next step in the process, which triggers the next, and so on till fibrinogen becomes insoluble fibrin
fibrin clot
there are 2 pathways to activate the system
Extrinsic: rapid
Intrinsic: slow
consolidation of the fibrin clot. decreases
the risk of further damage
clot retraction
dissolves small, inappropriate clots; and clots at a site of damage once the damage is repaired
fibrinolytic system
Intravascular Clotting
Thrombosis and Embolus
forming a thrombus, a clot in an unbroken
blood vessel
thrombosis
blood clot, air bubble, piece of fat or other debris
transported by the bloodstream
embolus
Red cells (and all cells in the body) have proteins on their surface which act as antigens or
surface markers
The immune system produces specific____ that bind to and attack nonself antigens
antibodies
the _____ on RBC are significant
A and B antigens
Blood Plasma contains anti-AB antibodies of a type opposite to the ABO antigen on the red cell surface
* For instance, those with A antigens on their red cells have anti-B antibodies in their serum
just read
Blood plasma does/ does not normally contain anti-Rh antibodies;
does not
Rh antigen=
Rh+
lack the Rh antigen=
Rh-
Rh- individuals will start producing
anti-Rh antibody
After they have been exposed to Rh antigen
Biggest problem with Rh incompatibility involves
pregnancy
An Rh___ fetus can sensitizes an Rh___ mother during birth, anti-Rh antibodies
will form in the blood of that woman.
+. -.
During her next pregnancy those antibodies can
cross the placenta to affect the next Rh+ baby
a blood disorder that occurs when the blood types of a mother and baby are incompatible
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
capillary vessel have 1 basic layer called the ____. and its name is ______
tunic. tunica interna (intima)
epithelial tissue and basement membrane
tunica interna (intima)
only sites in the entire vasculature where gases, water and other nutrients are exchanged
capillaries
- Branch from arteriole to venule
- Precapillary sphincter controls flow to capillary bed
Metarteriole
segments of smooth muscle that help direct bloodflow into capillaries
Precapillary sphincters
Three types of capillaries
Continuous capillaries, Fenestrated capillaries, and Sinusoids
- most common capillary
- continuous tube with
- small intercellular clefts
Continuous capillaries
- kidneys, villi of small intestines, and endocrine glands
- Pores through endothelial cells
Fenestrated capillaries
liver, spleen
* Large pores through which blood can percolate
sinusoids
hydrostatic and osmotic forces at the capillaries
starling forces
Fluid Exchange - Starling Forces determine
- Filtration: movement of fluid through the walls of the capillary into the interstitial fluid.
- Reabsorption: movement of fluid from the interstitial fluid back into the capillary.
IS all of fluid filtered is reabsorbed.
not but most, like 85%
