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a&p 2 > exam 2 pt. 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is “____ quarts” (≈ 5 liters) of a specialized, fluid, CT
 cells/formed elements (45%)

A

5.

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2
Q

salt-water-and-protein solution called

A

blood plasma (55%)

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3
Q

what is more dense? water or blood?

A

blood

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4
Q

blood is slightly warmer than core
body temperature

A

(T = 38o C)

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5
Q

blood ph

A

slightly alkaline (7.35-7.45)

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6
Q

is 92% water, with dissolved solutes consisting
mostly of various proteins, electrolytes, and gasses

A

plasma

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7
Q

The major plasma proteins are

A

Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen (clotting protein)

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8
Q

osmotic pressure, viscosity, carrier for some
hydrophobic molecules, synthesized in live

A

albumin

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9
Q

carrier for some hydrophobic molecules, contribute to immunity

A

globulins

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10
Q

: important in hemostasis

A

Fibrinogen (clotting protein)

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11
Q

formation of formed elements in red bone marrow

A

hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis)

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12
Q

cells and cell fragments suspended in the plasma.

A

formed elements

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13
Q

the classes of formed elements

A

erythrocytes (rbc), leukocytes (white blood cells), and the thrombocytes (platelets)

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14
Q

 vast bulk of the formed elements 4–6 x 106/mm3 by number

A

rbc

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15
Q

 HIGHLY Specialized for O2 transport

A

rbc

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16
Q

 Only survive ~120 days, recycled in
spleen and liver

A

rbc

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17
Q

rbc’s are shaped as bi-concave discs for

A

rapid gas diffusion

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18
Q

No nucleus, mitochondria or any protein making machinery

A

rbc

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19
Q

which formed element is filled with hemoglobin

A

rbc

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20
Q

is a protein molecule adapted to carry O2 (and CO2 as well)

A

hemoglobin (hgb)

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21
Q

hemoglobin binds oxygen best at high or low pH

A

high pH

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22
Q

High concentrations of CO2 lead to

A

low pH

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23
Q

low CO2 =

A

high pH

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24
Q

production of RBC’s

A

Erythropoiesis

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25
Q

hypoxia (O2 deficiency) stimulates the kidneys to release the hormone ____

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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26
Q

speeds up the maturation and release of immature red cells

A

erythropoietin

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27
Q

between 5-10 x 10^3/mm^3

A

WBC’s

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28
Q

have nuclei and a full complement of other organelles

A

wbc

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29
Q

granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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30
Q

agranulocytes

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

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31
Q

most numerous WBC in normal blood (60-
70% of circulating white cells) phagocytize bacteria

A

neutrophils

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32
Q

respond to multicellular parasites, allergens

A

eosinophils

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33
Q

inflamatory response

A

basophils

34
Q

major group of phagocytic cells. Common in peripheral tissues

A

monocytes

35
Q

respond to very specific foreign antigens

A

lymphocytes

36
Q

Shifts in the normal percentages of circulating WBCs will often point towards a bacterial infection (elevated percentage of _____) or a viral infection (elevated percentage of_____)

A

. neutrophils. lymphocytes

37
Q

In this peripheral blood smear a patient with lymphocytic ______ has a WBC >150,000 and 90% of the WBCs are cancerous lymphocytes!

A

leukemia

38
Q

phagocytic cells. destroy bacteria

A

neutrophils

39
Q

Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes. Also destroy some types of parasitic worms.

A

eosinophils

40
Q

Release histamine and other chemical defenses. Play a role in allergic reactions. When xxxxx leave the bloodstream and enter the tissues, they are called mast cells.

A

basophils

41
Q

Several subtypes exist. Two subtypes, B cells and T cells, make antibodies as part of the specific immune response. Other subtypes kill a wide variety of microbes. Others are helped cells, aiding in antibody production

A

lymphocytes

42
Q

Leave the bloodstream and enter the tissues, where they are called macrophages. Primarily act as phagocytic cells.

A

monocytes

43
Q

huge cells that splinter into 2000 to 3000 fragments while still in the red bone marrow

A

megakaryocytes

44
Q

Each fragment of megakaryocytes is a

A

platelet/thrombocyte

45
Q

more numerous than WBCs (150-400 x 103/mm3 )

A

platelets

46
Q

short life span (5 to 9 days)

A

platelets

47
Q

Involved in Hemostasis (stopping blood flow)

A

platelets

48
Q

is a sequence of responses that stops bleeding
* must be quick,
* localized to the region of damage

A

hemostasis

49
Q

Three mechanisms reduce blood loss

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug
  3. Fibrin clot
50
Q

occurs as damaged blood vessels
constrict

A

vascular spasm

51
Q

Platelets adhere to damaged endothelium to form a

A

platelet plug

52
Q

Clotting proteins normally dissolved in the blood get activated. One activated clotting protein triggers the next step in the process, which triggers the next, and so on till fibrinogen becomes insoluble fibrin

A

fibrin clot

53
Q

there are 2 pathways to activate the system

A

Extrinsic: rapid
Intrinsic: slow

54
Q

consolidation of the fibrin clot. decreases
the risk of further damage

A

clot retraction

55
Q

dissolves small, inappropriate clots; and clots at a site of damage once the damage is repaired

A

fibrinolytic system

56
Q

Intravascular Clotting

A

Thrombosis and Embolus

57
Q

forming a thrombus, a clot in an unbroken
blood vessel

A

thrombosis

58
Q

blood clot, air bubble, piece of fat or other debris
transported by the bloodstream

A

embolus

59
Q

Red cells (and all cells in the body) have proteins on their surface which act as antigens or

A

surface markers

60
Q

The immune system produces specific____ that bind to and attack nonself antigens

A

antibodies

61
Q

the _____ on RBC are significant

A

A and B antigens

62
Q

Blood Plasma contains anti-AB antibodies of a type opposite to the ABO antigen on the red cell surface
* For instance, those with A antigens on their red cells have anti-B antibodies in their serum

A

just read

63
Q

Blood plasma does/ does not normally contain anti-Rh antibodies;

A

does not

64
Q

Rh antigen=

A

Rh+

65
Q

lack the Rh antigen=

A

Rh-

66
Q

Rh- individuals will start producing

A

anti-Rh antibody
After they have been exposed to Rh antigen

67
Q

Biggest problem with Rh incompatibility involves

A

pregnancy

68
Q

An Rh___ fetus can sensitizes an Rh___ mother during birth, anti-Rh antibodies
will form in the blood of that woman.

A

+. -.

69
Q

During her next pregnancy those antibodies can

A

cross the placenta to affect the next Rh+ baby

70
Q

a blood disorder that occurs when the blood types of a mother and baby are incompatible

A

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)

71
Q

capillary vessel have 1 basic layer called the ____. and its name is ______

A

tunic. tunica interna (intima)

72
Q

epithelial tissue and basement membrane

A

tunica interna (intima)

73
Q

only sites in the entire vasculature where gases, water and other nutrients are exchanged

A

capillaries

74
Q
  • Branch from arteriole to venule
  • Precapillary sphincter controls flow to capillary bed
A

Metarteriole

75
Q

segments of smooth muscle that help direct bloodflow into capillaries

A

Precapillary sphincters

76
Q

Three types of capillaries

A

Continuous capillaries, Fenestrated capillaries, and Sinusoids

77
Q
  • most common capillary
  • continuous tube with
  • small intercellular clefts
A

Continuous capillaries

78
Q
  • kidneys, villi of small intestines, and endocrine glands
  • Pores through endothelial cells
A

Fenestrated capillaries

79
Q

liver, spleen
* Large pores through which blood can percolate

A

sinusoids

80
Q

hydrostatic and osmotic forces at the capillaries

A

starling forces

81
Q

Fluid Exchange - Starling Forces determine

A
  • Filtration: movement of fluid through the walls of the capillary into the interstitial fluid.
  • Reabsorption: movement of fluid from the interstitial fluid back into the capillary.
82
Q

IS all of fluid filtered is reabsorbed.

A

not but most, like 85%

a&p 2 (27 decks)

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