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a&p 2 > Redo Of Lymph > Flashcards

Redo Of Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

Larger pores than blood capillaries
HaveBlind ends unique one-way structure.
overlapping endothelial cells fluid to flow in, not out. Anchoring filaments pull openings wider when interstitial fluid accumulates.

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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2
Q

Lymphatic capillaries unite to form larger lymphatic vessels
● resemble veins with_____ walls and_____ valves.
● pass through lymph nodes – encapsulated organs with
masses of _____ cells.
Function as lymph filters

A

thinner. more. B and T

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3
Q

Lymph fluids final destination

A

Bloodstream

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4
Q

Primary lymph organs:______
Stem cells divide and become immunocompetent (capable of mounting an immune response)

A

bone marrow and thymus.

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5
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs:
Where most immune responses occur

A

Spleen, Lymph nodes, and other lymphoid
tissues such as the tonsils.

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6
Q

Lymph nodes function

A

Filter

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7
Q

Thymus
The_____ is composed of a large number of immature T cells which migrate from their birth-place in_____ .

A

outer cortex. red bone marrow.

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8
Q

Thymus
The______ is composed of more mature T cells.

A

inner medulla

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9
Q

the body’s largest mass of lymphatic tissue

A

Spleen

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10
Q

lymphatic tissue where lymphocytes and macrophages carry out immune function

A

The spleens white pulp

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11
Q

blood-filled venous sinuses where platelets are stored and old red cells are destroyed

A

The spleens red pulp

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12
Q

The ____ immune response is present at birth. It is non-
specific and non-adaptive.
physical, and chemical barriers provided by the skin and mucous membranes. AND
internal defenses

A

Innate

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13
Q

_____ Include Physical-blocks, traps, or washes out microbes
● Chemical-acidic or other
antimicrobial substances

A

Innate Barriers provide by skin and mucous membranes

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14
Q

____ include
Phagocytes
Natural killer (NK) cells Antimicrobial substances
● Complement system
● Iron-binding proteins
● Interferon (viruses) Inflammation
Fever

A

Innate internal defenses provide by skin and mucous membranes

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15
Q

abnormally high body temperature due to resetting
of the hypothalamic thermostat.
Non-specific response:
● speeds up body reactions
● increases the effects of endogenous antimicrobials
● sequesters nutrients from microbes

A

Fever in innate immunity

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16
Q

defensive response of almost all body
tissues to damage of any kind (infection, burns, cuts, etc.).

A

Inflammation in innate immunity

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17
Q

four characteristic signs and symptoms of inflammation :

A

redness, pain, heat, and swelling.

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18
Q

The inflammatory response has three basic stages:

A
  1. Vasodilation and increased permeability
  2. Emigration (movement) of
    phagocytes from the
    blood into the
    interstitial space
    and then to site
    of damage
  3. Tissue repair
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19
Q

allows more blood to flow to the damaged area which helps remove
toxins and debris.
Increased permeability permits entrance of defensive proteins (antibodies and clotting
factors) to site of injury
● Other inflammatory mediators include histamine, kinins, prostaglandins (PGs),
leukotrienes (LTs), and complement.

A

Vasodilation of innate immunity inflammatory response

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20
Q

of phagocytes depends on chemotaxis
Neutrophils predominate in early stages but die off quickly.
Monocytes transform into macrophages and become more potent phagocytes than neutrophils.
● Pus is a mass of dead phagocytes and damaged tissue.
● Pus formation occurs in most inflammatory responses and usually continues until
the infection subside.

A

Emigration of innate immunity inflammatory response

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21
Q

results from increased permeability of blood vessels.

A

Edema

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22
Q

is a prime symptom which results from sensitization of nerve endings by the inflammatory chemicals.

A

Pain

23
Q

allow your body to create a defense against future invaders.

A

Antigens

24
Q

circulate in your body once created to identify, attack, and destroy the same type of antigens if they enter the body again.

A

Antibodies

25
Q

Two properties distinguish between adaptive immunity and
innate immunity:

A

Specificity and Memory

26
Q

Molecules, or parts of molecules tend to be antigenic if they
are:

A

Organic
Structurally complex
Large

27
Q

What cells recognize antigens (Ag)

A

Lymphocytes (B and T cells)

28
Q

During development, Each lymphocyte:
Randomly selects
One Specific antigen to attack
● During maturation, cells that attack_____ are
eliminated.

A

Self-antigens

29
Q

B cells mature in____
T cells mature in ______

A

Bone marrow.
Thymus

30
Q

Adaptive immunity:
●____: lymphocyte will rapidly reproduce and differentiates when activated by its specific antigen.

A

Clonal Selection

31
Q

Adaptive immunity: Clonal Selection
______: population of identical cells, all recognizing the same antigen as the original cell.

A

Clone

32
Q

Lymphocytes undergo clonal selection to produce 2 cells

A

Effector and memory cells

33
Q

The adaptive immune response cannot get started without!the aid of the nonspecific phagocytosis that occurs in the innate immune response.
The phagocytic cells that initiate the process are called _____.
dendritic cells and
macrophages
● Link innate and adaptive
immune systems.

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

34
Q

APC engulfs and destroys a foreign invader
● Then isolates the antigens on the invader
● The APC then presents the foreign Ag to a specific T lymphocyte called a_____ (also known as a CD4 cell) .

A

helper T cell

35
Q

Once stimulated by antigen
presentation, helper T cells become activated.
● Activated helper T cells are capable of
activating other lymphocytes

A

T cytotoxic cells and B cells

36
Q

(CD8 cells) which directly kill infected cells

A

T cytotoxic cells

37
Q

(which make antibodies that kill or helps kill foreign invaders)

A

B cells

38
Q

activated cytotoxic T cells
directly attack infected or damaged cells
Suppressor and memory T cells are also produced.

A

Cell-mediated immunity:

39
Q

activated B cells (plasma
cells) produce antibodies.
Antibodies (Ab) circulate in extracellular fluids. B memory cells are also produced.

A

Antibody-mediated immunity:

40
Q

proteins that are used as cell-markers to
“flag” self from non-self

A

MHC molecules

41
Q

on almost all body cells
• present non-self proteins (from bacteria or viruses, for example) to cytotoxic T
cells (with CD8 protein)

A

Class I molecules (MHC-I):

42
Q

only on APCs.
• present non-self proteins to helper T cells (with CD4 protein)

A

Class II molecules (MHC-II)

43
Q

can be activated by
direct recognition of antigen through B-cell receptors or T-helper cell activation. Activated xxx-cells undergo clonal selection to become antibody producing plasma cells.

A

B cells

44
Q

Antibodies (also called_____ or Igs) are produced
by plasma cells through antibody-mediated immunity.
Antibodies are composed of 4 peptide chains:
● Two heavy chains and two light chains
_____bonds link the chains together in a Y-shaped arrangement.

A

immunoglobulins. Disulfide

45
Q

(antigen-binding region) gives an antibody its specificity.

A

Variable region

46
Q

is similar for each class of antibody.

A

Stem

47
Q

Antibody Effects
● Neutralizing a bacterial or viral antibody, or a toxin by
covering the binding sites and/or causing ____ and
_____ (making what was soluble, insoluble)

A

agglutination. precipitation

48
Q

Antibody Effects
Opsonization: enhancing

A

Phagocytosis

49
Q

_____ series of blood proteins
often work in conjunction with antibodies can be activated by multiple pathways encourages vasodilation and inflammation, antigen opsonization, and antigen destruction.
● main proteins are _____

A

Complement system. C1-C9.

50
Q

contracting hepatitis A and production of
anti-hepatitis A antibodies

A

Natural active

51
Q

a baby receives antibodies from its
mother through the placenta and breast milk.

A

Natural passive

52
Q

a person receives a vaccine of an
attenuated (changed/weakened) pathogen that stimulates the
body to form an antibody.

A

Artificial active

53
Q

an injection of prepared antibody

A

Artificial passive

a&p 2 (27 decks)

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