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A&P 2 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Oxygenated Blood top

A

veins, LA, LV, aorta, ateries

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2
Q

Deoxygenated Blood Bottom

A

vena cava, veins, RA, RV, arteries

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3
Q

Layers of the heart

A

pericardium (fibrous, parietal, [fluid layer], visceral), myocardium (muscular), endocardium

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4
Q

Chambers

A

two atrias, two ventricles

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5
Q

Valves

A

into and out of ventricles

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6
Q

Two atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral)

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7
Q

Two semilunar valves:

A

pulmonary and aortic

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8
Q

heart location

A

in the middle mediastinum

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9
Q

: protects the heart and anchors it

A

the pericardium

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10
Q

is a very dense and non-flexible connective tissue

A

fibrous pericardium

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11
Q

the serous pericardium contains

A

the parietal and visceral layers

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12
Q

attached to fibrous layer

A

parietal layer

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13
Q

outer surface of the heart wall.

A

(epicardium) visceral layer

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14
Q

lubricates the space between the visceral and parietal pericardium.

A

pericardial fluid

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15
Q

the endocardium contains

A

endothelium (simple squamous epithelial tissue)

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16
Q

right atrium and right ventricle, deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs for oxygenation

A

right heart

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17
Q

eft atrium and left ventricle, oxygenated pulmonary blood from the lungs to the body
(systemically)

A

left heart

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18
Q

which heart is stronger

A

left heart

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19
Q

“top part of the heart” has a weak or strong pump

A

weak

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20
Q

the main pump for the pulmonary and systemic circuits.

A

“bottom part of the heart”: right and left ventricles

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21
Q

blood flow goes from

A

high to low pressure

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22
Q

what controls blood flow

A

the valves of the heart

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23
Q
  • allow blood to flow from atria into ventricles.
  • prevent blood flowing from ventricles to atria
A

atrioventricular valves

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24
Q
  • allow blood to flow from ventricles into arteries.
  • prevent blood flowing from arteries to ventricles
A

Outflow (semilunar) valves

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25
Q

right side of heart contains what AV valve

A

tricuspid

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26
Q

left side of heart contains what AV valve

A

bicuspid valve or mitral valve

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27
Q

are strong, fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles

A

chordae tendinae

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28
Q

attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves via the chordae tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves on systole (or ventricular contraction).

A

papillary muscles

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29
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

striated, one nucleus, fibers are shorter and branched, and connect/communicate via gap junctions in intercalated discs

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30
Q

Contractions of the heart (heartbeats) are controlled by specialized cardiac muscle cells called pacemaker cells that directly control heart rate.

A

autorhythmicity

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31
Q

_____% of all of the muscle cells of the heart form cardiac conduction system.

A

1

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32
Q

spontaneously depolarize a certain amount of time after repolarizing

A

myocytes

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33
Q

the pacemaker of the heart

A

the SA node (sinoatrial)

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34
Q

the SA node location

A

right atrial wall below superior vena cava

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35
Q

cardiac conduction order

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundles (bundle of HIS), right and left bundle branches (located on interventricular septum), Purkinje fibers, regular myocardium in ventricles

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36
Q

_____ period in cardiac muscle is longer than the contraction

A

refractory

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37
Q

atrial depolarization on ECG

38
Q

atrial repolarization+ ventricular depolarization on ECG

39
Q

ventricular repolarization on ECG

40
Q

relaxation phase

41
Q

contraction phase

42
Q

: atria contract, the ventricles relax.

A

atrial systole

43
Q

: ventricles contract, atria relax.

A

Ventricular systole

44
Q

Changing blood flow causes the valves
to ______

A

open and shut (shutting produces the heart sounds)

45
Q

volume of blood ejected from the left (or right) ventricle every beat.

A

Stroke volume (SV):

46
Q

SV x heart rate (HR)

A

Cardiac output (CO):

47
Q

difference between the CO at rest and the
maximum CO the heart can generate

A

cardiac reserve

48
Q

Average cardiac reserve is _____ times resting value.

49
Q

Carry and control the flow of blood.

A

vessel function

50
Q

carry blood away from the heart

51
Q

site of nutrient, waste, gas exchange

A

capillaries

52
Q

carry blood towards the heart

53
Q

force exerted in lumen
 drops as blood moves through the blood vessels
 usually measured in the larger conducting arteries
 Pulses due to heart contractions

54
Q

is the higher pressure caused by ventricular systole

A

systolic BP

55
Q

is the lower pressure from the blood itself

A

Diastolic BP

56
Q

1/3 (systolic BP – diastolic BP) + diastolic BP

A

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

57
Q

is the amount of blood per time reaching organs
(tissues of the body).

A

blood flow

58
Q

is the sum of many factors which oppose the flow of blood

A

resistance (vessels)

59
Q

blood flow, blood pressure, and peripheral resistance are related by

60
Q

equation for BP

A

BP= Flow x Resistance

61
Q

Resistance depends on

A

 Blood viscosity (x)
 Blood vessel length (x)
 Blood vessel diameter (1/d4)
 Only blood vessel diameter is
readily adjustable

62
Q

Types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

63
Q

 Large elastic arteries (>1 cm)
 medium muscular arteries (0.1 – 10 mm)
 arterioles (< 0.1 mm)

64
Q

Venules are small veins (< 0.1 mm)
Vessel Structure

65
Q

3 layers which comprise the vessel wall

66
Q

epithelial tissue and basement membrane

A

Tunica interna (intima)

67
Q

Smooth muscle and elastic tissue

A

tunica media

68
Q

Elastic and Fibrous connective tissue

A

tunica externa

69
Q

the 3 tunicas (are/are not) present in capillaries

70
Q
  • High levels of elastic tissue
  • Large and close to heart
  • Thin walls compared to lumen diameter
  • Store energy of ventricular systole to keep blood moving in diastole
A

elastic arteries

71
Q
  • High levels of smooth muscle tissue
  • Maintain blood pressure for more distal areas
A

muscular arteries

72
Q

elastic aorta and arteries (stretch/recoil) during ventricular contraction

73
Q

elastic aorta and arteries (stretch/recoil) during ventricular relaxation

74
Q

vessels supplying blood to the same area.
* Provides collateral circulation (an alternative
route) for blood to reach a tissue.

A

Anastomosis:

75
Q
  • Control blood flow to capillaries
  • primary “adjustable nozzles”
  • greatest drop in pressure occurs
A

arterioles

76
Q

 thinner walls
 less muscle and elastic tissue

77
Q

 veins operate at much (higher/lower) pressures.
* in venules (16 mmHg) is less
than half in arterioles (35 mmHg)
* just 1-2 mmHg in some larger veins.
 Valves to keep blood flowing in (many/only 1 direction.)

A

lower, only 1 direction

78
Q

Contain a large percentage of the blood volume (about 64% at rest)

A

venous reserve

79
Q

they function as blood reservoirs

A

venous reserve

80
Q

constricting the veins allows a greater volume of
blood to flow to skeletal muscles.

A

Venoconstriction

81
Q

Venous return: aided by

A
  • Pressure
  • Venous valves
  • Skeletal muscle pump
  • Respiratory pump (breathing)
82
Q

Autoregulation is controlled through
______ loops and the ANS

A

negative feedback

83
Q

baroreceptors in arch of aorta and carotid sinus

84
Q

vessels (vasodilate or vasoconstrict)
 Heart (increase or decrease CO)

85
Q

Another type of sensory receptor important to the process of autoregulation of BP are the

A

chemoreceptors

86
Q

chemoreceptors are in

A

carotid bodies (located close to baroreceptors of carotid sinus, and aortic bodies (located in the aortic arch)

87
Q

Chemoreceptors repsond to

A

Hypoxia (low O2), hypercapnia (high CO2), or
acidosis (high H+)

88
Q

Systemic blood vessel walls (constrict/dilate) to increase blood flow

89
Q

Pulmonary blood vessels (constrict/dilate)

90
Q

the RAAS system eventually leads to

A

the retaining of water increasing blood pressure+volume

91
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A
  • released by cells of the cardiac atria.
  • leads to loss of water to lower blood pressure
92
Q

what provides collateral circulation (an alternative
route) for blood to reach a tissue.

A

anastosmosis

A&P 2 (27 decks)

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