Exam 3 Review Flashcards by Sarah Salinas

conducting airways – they do not participate in gas exchange.

Trachea to the terminal bronchioles

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participate in gas exchange

Alveoli

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• Alveoli participate in gas exchange
Connected to respiratory bronchioles (___) and alveolar ducts (____)

simple cuboidal epithelium. Simple squamous

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alveoli, alveolar sacs, respiratory
bronchioles, alveolar ducts and a terminal bronchiole
• the functional unit of the lung
• wrapped in elastic C.T.

Pulmonary lobule

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Alveoli are composed chiefly of _____ allowing for exchange of gases with pulmonary capillaries.

type I alveolar cells,

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secrete surfactant that prevents collapse of the alveoli during exhalation.

Type II alveolar cells:

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carry deoxygenated blood from
the right heart to the lungs for oxygenation

Pulmonary arteries

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branch from the aorta and deliver
oxygenated blood to the lungs (primarily the muscular
walls of the bronchi and bronchioles)

Bronchial arteries

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Ventilation-perfusion coupling: matches perfusion
(____) of areas in the lungs to ventilation
(___) in that area

blood flow. airflow

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surface tension moves two
pleaural layers together.

Mechanical coupling:

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Function of what:
Filter, warm, moisten incoming air Smell incoming air Resonating chamber

Nose

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Function of what:
duct that drains secretions of the sinuses and tears into the nose. Increases turbulence
mixing air for moisture
and warmth

The Three nasal conchae (or turbinates):

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It functions as:
a passageway for air and food
a resonating chamber
a housing for the tonsil

Pharynx

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composed of 9 pieces of cartilage: connects the
laryngopharynx with the trachea (the “windpipe”). • prevents food and water from entering
the lower respiratory system • Resonating chamber

Larynx

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The trachea is composed of 4 layers:

• a mucous secreting epithelium: mucosa
• three layers of CT (submucosa, hyaline cartilage, and adventitia).

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Earth’s atmosphere is composed of

Nitrogen (N2) 78%
Oxygen (O2) 21%
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 0.04%
Water Vapor variable, but on average around 1%

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The gases of the atmosphere
have a____ and a_____
(5 x____)

mass. weight. 1018 kg

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The atmosphere exerts a significant____ on every object on the planet through _____(force applied per unit area, P = F/A.) Measured by a barometer

force. air pressure

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At sea level, the air pressure is:

760 mmHg = 1 atmosphere

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At high altitudes, the atmospheric pressure is____;
descending to sea level, atmospheric pressure is____.

less. greater

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apply equally to the gases of the atmosphere,
the gases in our lungs, the gases dissolved in the blood,
and the gases diffusing into and out of the cells of our
body.

Gas laws

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applies to containers with flexible walls – like
our thoracic cage.
Volume and pressure are inversely related.
o If there is a decrease in volume – there will be an increase in pressure.
o V ∝∝ 1/P

Boyles laws

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applies to a mixture of gases.

The pressure of each gas is directly proportional to the percentage of that gas in the total mixture: PTotal = P1 + P2 + P3 …
O2 = 21% of atmosphere, the partial pressure exerted by the contribution of just O2 (written pO2 or PAO2) = 0.21 x 760 mmHg = 159.6 mmHg at sea level.

Dalton’s law

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Gas molecules diffuse from regions of

High pressure (concentration) to lower p (c)

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deals with gases and solutions. Increasing the partial pressure of a gas “over” (in contact with) a solution will result in more of the gas dissolving into the solution. The patient in this picture is getting more O2 in contact with his blood - consequently, more oxygen goes into his blood.

Henry’s law

Reducing the vol in a container will ____ the pressure. Increasing the vol in a container will ____ the pressure.

Increase. Decrease

movement of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli: inhalation and exhalation.

Ventilation

___ is the exchange of gases.

Respiration

(pulmonary) gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood.

External respiration

(tissue) gas exchange between the systemic capillaries and the tissues of the body.

Internal respiration

Changing the volume of the thoracic cavity (and the lungs – remember the mechanical coupling of the chest wall, pleura, and lungs), changes the____

pressure in the lungs.

primary muscle of respiration – all the others are accessory.

Diaphragm

The 3 other factors also affect the ease with which we ventilate:

Surface tension of alveolar fluid, Lung compliance, and Larger diameter of an airway

accounts for 2/3 of lung elastic recoil. Surfactant prevents the complete collapse of alveoli at exhalation, facilitating reasonable levels of work.

Surface tension of alveolar fluid:

means the lungs and chest wall expand easily.

Lung compliance

-> less airway resistance->greater flow of air Resistance proportional 1/d4 same as blood vessels Regulated by smooth muscle

Larger diameter of an airway

About 70% of the tidal volume reaches the xxx zone – the other 30% remains in the xxx zone (called the xxx ).

respiratory. conducting. anatomic dead space

Dalton’s Law : The pressure of a specific gas is the

Partial pressure Pp

Gas xxx (like the AC membrane) from greater partial pressure to lower partial pressure. Greater the difference=faster diffusion.

diffuses across a permeable membrane

moves from the alveoli into the blood

moves into the lungs.

CO2

In the blood, a tiny amount of O2 is dissolved in the plasma. Most O2 (about 98.5%) is carried

Attached to Hb

CO2 is transported in the blood in three different forms:

~ 7% is dissolved in the plasma, as a (gas.) ~ 70% is converted into (carbonic acid/bicarbonate) catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. ~ 23% is attached to (Hb) (but not at the same binding sites as oxygen).

The amount of Hb saturated with O2 is called the

SaO2

Although ___ is the most important determinant of SaO2, several other factors influence the affinity with which Hb binds O2 .

PO2

_____),____ and_____ shift the entire O2 –Hb saturation curve to the right (lower affinity for O2).

Acidity (pH), PCO2, blood temperature

Fever (^ temp.) , ^ CO2, and acidosis (^ H+ ) shift ______, making it easier to unload O2 at the tissues * Hypothermia ( ↓temp.), ↓CO2, and alkalosis, (↓H+ ) shift _____, binding 02 more strongly

the curve to the right. the curve to the left

Fetal hemoglobin (Hb-F) has a___ affinity for oxygen (it is shifted to the___) than adult hemoglobin A, so it binds O2 more strongly. Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. The fetus is thus able to attract oxygen across the placenta and support life, without lungs.

higher. left

located in the brainstem, has centers that control basic respiratory patterns for both inspiration and expiration. • Other sites in the pons help the medullary centers manage the transition between inhalation and exhalation.

Medulla rhythmicity area:

voluntary control of breathing.

Cortex

Stretch receptors sensing over-inflation arrests breathing temporarily

(Herring Breuer reflex).

(limbic system) affect respiration.

Emotions

The hypothalamus, sensing a xxx, increases breathing, as does moderate xxx

fever. pain

Blood Chemistry (xxx) increases breathing *primary signal

pH*, O2 too low, CO2 too high

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus)

Stratified squamous

stomach and intestines)

Simple columnar

Mucosa Areolar connective tissue

Lamina propria

Mucosa Smooth muscle

Muscularis mucosae

Lamina propria contains “”, mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue that protect against disease.

MALT

creates folds in the lining of the stomach and small intestines (Gastric pits and vili/micro)

Muscularis mucosae

• Muscularis: mouth, pharynx, superior and middle parts of the esophagus, and anal sphincter contain

Skeletal muscle

Muscularis In Rest of the tract:

Smooth muscle

Inner circular sheet • Outer longitudinal sheets, • myenteric nerve plexus between them.

Muscularis

attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm.

Falciform ligament

suspends the stomach and duodenum from the inferior edge of the liver. pathway for blood vessels to enter the liver contains the common bile duct.

Lesser omentum

organs are covered by visceral peritoneum only on their anterior surfaces

Retroperitoneal

retroperitoneal space include

The kidneys and ureters Most of the pancreas The adrenal glands The aorta and inferior vena cava

smell, sight, thought, or initial taste of food neural centers in the CNS to prepare for digestion. stimulate secretion of saliva and gastric juice

Cephalic phase:

food enters the stomach. Nervous and endocrine systems, gastrin is a key hormone Promotes secretion of gastric juice and gastric motility.

Gastric phase

acidic food enters the small intestine. Neural response decreases gastric motility Hormones (secretin, CCK) increases intestinal secretions and decreases gastric secretions and motility

Intestinal phase:

- a dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the teeth.

Periodontal ligament

Degulation

Swallowing

a progression of coordinated contractions and relaxations of the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis, push the bolus onward.

Peristalsis

Upper and lower esophageal sphincters (xxx) at each end of the tube. The xxx regulates the movement of food from the esophagus into the stomach.

UES and LES. LES

• Finish mechanical digestion • Start chemical digestion of proteins • minimal chemical digestion of fats

Stomach

gland cells secrete: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Mucus Gastric juice HCl pepsinogen gastric lipase intrinsic factor

Exocrine

Secretes gastrin

Enteroendocrine

kills many microbes, partially denatures proteins in food converts pepsinogen into pepsi

HCI

digests proteins.

Pepsin

digest triglycerides.

Gastric lipase

needed for absorption of vitamin B12 in the terminal ileum.

Intrinsic factor

• 1–3 mm layer of xxx mucus protects the stomach from Xxx gastric juice

alkaline. acidic

Xxx reduce food and gastric juice to chyme.

Mixing waves

• NaHCO3 : neutralize acid • Digestive enzymes • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids

Pancreatic juice

Small Intestine • Plicae circulares • Villi • Microvilli

Absorption Structures:

Small Intestine • Pancreatic juice • Bile • Intestinal juice • Brush border enzymes

Chemical Digestion

Villi finger-like projections that are covered with a xxx epithelium.

simple columnar

passage of digested nutrients into the blood or lymph: 90% occurs in the small intestine.

Absorbtion

Absorption goes through xxx into blood capillaries

Active transport/facilitated diffusion

Lipids (Triglycerides /fats) aggregated globules coated with proteins called

Chylomicrons

enzymes on the villi Finish chemical digestion. Small intestine

Brush borders

• Minimal mechanical digestion xxx • Plicae circulares are circular folds/ridges that encourage turbulent flow of chyme.

segmentations

Food is absorbed into the blood in the small intestine • That blood all goes to the

Liver

Liver is covered by

visceral peritoneum.

Outer margin: the triad • hepatic portal vein (venous blood) from small intestine • hepatic artery (arterial blood) • Bile duct (bile) • Blood goes through sinusoids (a specialized capillary) towards the central vein.

Just read

liver macrophages) destroy red cells, white cells, and bacteria in blood draining from the GI tract.

Kupffer cells

Remove/transform toxins, And transform/store excess nutrients from the materials absorbed in the small intestine

Hepatocytes

The mucosa of what organ is mostly an absorptive epithelium (mainly for water),

Large intestine

The Large Intestine • attached to the posterior abdominal wall by xxx peritoneal membrane.

mesocolon

Ascending & descending colon are retroperitoneal. Tor F?

Transverse & sigmoid colon are retroperitoneal. T or F?

Segment the colon into small pouches called

Haustra

~9 liters/day of fluid enter the small intestine (ingestion+secretion). • ~8 liters/day absorbed by Small intestine; the remainder passes into the large intestine, where most of the rest of it is also absorbed. • Only ~100 mL/d of water is excreted in the feces.

Read

As these bacteria digest/ferment left-over food, they secrete beneficial chemicals such as vitamin K, biotin (a B vitamin), and some amino acids (they are our main source of some of these nutrients.)

Read

haustral churning and peristalsis

Mechanical events

Both reflexes occur with distension of the stomach. food moved from small intestine to large intestine and from large intestine to rectum

gastroileal and gastrocolic reflexes

Exam 3 Review Flashcards

(106 cards)