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A&P 2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

mediator molecules that have effects on cells in the local area, or more distant part of the body

A

Hormones

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2
Q

secreted and bind to the same cell.

A

Autocrine hormones

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3
Q

secreted into interstitial fluid and act on nearby cells

A

Paracrine hormones

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4
Q

are secreted into interstitial fluid and then absorbed into the
bloodstream to be carried systemically to any
cell that displays the appropriate type of receptor

A

Endocrine hormones

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5
Q

Hormones can be divided into two broad_____
classes.

A

Chemical

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6
Q

This chemical classification is useful because the two classes exert their effects differently .
________ bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell (hydrophobic)

A

Lipid soluble hormones

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7
Q

This chemical classification is useful because
the two classes exert their effects differently. _____ bind to receptors on the surface of the cell

A

Water soluble hormones

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8
Q

consist of steroid hormones,
thyroid hormones, and the gas nitric oxide

A

Lipid soluble hormones

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9
Q

require a carrier protein for transport in the watery environment of the blood. Once they arrive at their destination, however, they are able to freely pass through the plasma membrane to bind to receptors located in the cytoplasm or the nucleus of the target cell

A

Lipid soluble hormones

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10
Q

consist of steroid hormones,
thyroid hormones, and the gas nitric oxide

A

Lipid soluble hormones

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11
Q

require a carrier protein for transport in the watery environment of the blood
Once they arrive at their destination, however, they are able to freely pass through the plasma membrane to bind to receptors located in the cytoplasm or the nucleus of the target cell

A

Lipid slub,e hormones

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12
Q

include peptide and protein
hormones (and others with an amine group), and a group
of local hormones derived from the arachidonic acid on
our cell membranes called eicosanoids

A

Water soluble hormones

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13
Q

are easy to transport in the
watery blood. The plasma membrane of target cells,
however, is impermeable to them.
Water soluble hormones exert their effects by binding to receptors exposed to the interstitial fluid on the surface of target cells

A

Water soluble hormones

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14
Q

the hormone binding to its receptor acts as_______ in a cascade of signal transduction

A

the first
messenger

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15
Q

The first messenger (the hormone) then causes production
of a _____ inside the cell, where specific
hormone-stimulated responses take place

A

second messenger

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16
Q

The _____ system does so through the action potentials travelling on neurons, and the neurotransmitters they secrete

A

Nervous

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17
Q

The_____ system uses hormones produced by endocrine structures to produce their effects

A

Endocrine

18
Q

One common second messenger is_____ Neuro- transmitters, neuropeptides, and several sensory transduction mechanisms (vision) also act via second-messenger systems

A

Cyclic acid (cAMP)

19
Q

Hormone secretion is regulated by signals from the_____ system,_____ changes in the blood, and other hormones

A

nervous, chemical

20
Q

Most hormonal regulatory systems work via
_____feedback, but a few operate via______ feedback

A

negative, positive

21
Q

Negative feedback system : Blood Ca2+ level is controlled by the

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH).

22
Q

Negative feedback system :
High blood Ca2+ level -> the body will cease PTH production and secrete_____ causing the body to lower the Ca2+ levels.

A

calcitonin

23
Q

Exclusively endocrine glands:

A

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and pineal glands

24
Q

Other important glands of the endocrine system are not
exclusively endocrine glands

A

hypothalamus, thymus,
pancreas, ovaries, and testes

25
Q

The_____ is the major link between the nervous and endocrine systems
It receives input from several regions in the brain

A

hypothalamus

26
Q

The hypothalamus mainly controls the_______,
which is also called the hypophysis
anterior adenohypophysis posterior neurohypophysis

A

pituitary gland

27
Q

The anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) is connected to the hypothalamus by the

A

hypophyseal portal system

28
Q

Neurosecretory cells secrete
______ into the portal system that goes to the anterior pituitary

A

releasing hormones

29
Q

secreted by the anterior pituitary, target other endocrine glands
(all anterior pitiutary hormones except hGH, Prolactin, and MSH, which directly target the end organs)

A

Tropic hormones

30
Q

The_______ releases,
but does NOT synthesize any hormones • Hormones are produced in neurosecretory hypothalamus
cells • Travel down the axons • Released when cells are stimulated

A

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

31
Q

posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) which hormones

A

oxytocin and ADH

32
Q

causes uterine
contractions and “milk
letdown”.

A

Oxytocin

33
Q

minimizes water
loss in kidney and sweat
glands. constricts
arterioles

A

ADH

34
Q

inferior to the larynx and anterior to
the trachea. two laterally placed lobes separated by a
bridge-like isthmus

A

Thyroid gland

35
Q

The Thyroid Gland
● Mostly composed of _____● spherical groups of follicular cells ● Store a 100-day supply
of its two hormones in_____

A

thyroid follicles, TGB (for thyroglobulin)

36
Q

made from the oxidation and
iodination of the amino acid tyrosine

A

TGB

37
Q

tetraiodothyronine

A

thyroxine or T4

38
Q

triiodothyronine

A

T3

39
Q

an enlargement of the thyroid gland and may be
associated with hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or
euthyroidism

A

Goiter

40
Q

In many third-word countries dietary_____ intake is inadequate; the resultant low level of thyroid hormone in the blood stimulates secretion of TSH, which causes thyroid gland enlargement

A

iodine

A&P 2 (27 decks)

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