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A&P 2 > digestive sys > Flashcards

digestive sys Flashcards

1
Q

extends from the mouth to the anus through the ventral body cavity (approximately 9 m, or 30 ft.)

A

Alimentary canal:

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2
Q

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

A

Accessory organs:

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3
Q

Digestion (chemical and mechanical), ingestion, secretion, mixing and propulsion, defecation

A

absorbtion

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4
Q

Role in metabolic processes

A

catabolism and anabolism

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5
Q

:Larger molecules are broken into smaller molecules (mouth, stomach, duodenum).
◦ In the GI tract, this is called ____ and can occur by either mechanical or chemical means.

A

catabolism. Digestion

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6
Q

: Smaller molecules are used as building blocks for larger molecules (liver).

A

anabolism

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7
Q

all Movements that facilitate catabolic processes
 Mastication
 Mixing
◦ Increase contact of food with digestive chemicals

A

mechanical digestion

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8
Q

 Swallowing
 Peristalsis
◦ Movement of muscles within the GI tract that facilitates movement of food

A

other movements

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9
Q

:breaking large molecule into smaller ones, mainly through hydrolysis.
 Fats -> fatty acids and glycerol.
 Carbohydrates: polysaccharides -> monosaccharides.
 Proteins-> polypeptides -> amino acids.
Requires ____

A

Chemical digestion. specific enzymes

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10
Q

Four layers of tissues of GI tract

A

 Mucosa (deepest), Submucosa, Muscularis Serosa/adventitia (superficial)
lumen is the inside of the tube.

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11
Q

mucous membrane

A

moucosa

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12
Q

(mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus)

A

Epithelial tissue
Stratified squamous

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13
Q

(stomach and intestines)

A

Epithelial tissue
Simple columnar

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14
Q

Includes glandular cells that secrete mucus and fluid into the lumen

A

mucosa

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15
Q

Mucosa
Areolar connective tissue

A

(lamina propria.)

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16
Q

Mucosa
Smooth muscle

A

(muscularis mucosae)

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17
Q

Lamina propria contains _____, mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue that protect against disease.

A

“MALT”

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18
Q

creates folds in the lining of the stomach and small intestines

A

Muscularis mucosae:

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19
Q

irregular connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscularis.
 blood and lymphatic vessels (to receive absorbed substances)
 submucosal plexus: a network of neurons

A

Submucosa

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20
Q

mouth, pharynx, superior and middle parts of the esophagus, and anal sphincter contain skeletal muscle.
* Rest of the tract: smooth muscle
* Inner circular sheet
* Outer longitudinal sheets,
* myenteric nerve plexus between them.

A

Muscularis:

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21
Q

is the outermost layer

A

Serosa/adventitia

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22
Q
  • fibrous connective tissue attached to surrounding tissues (e.g. esophagus).
A

adventitia

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23
Q
  • fibrous connective tissue in the peritoneal cavity, with a mesothelium surface layer
A

serosa

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24
Q

Serosa covers the intra-abdominal organs as the

A

visceral peritoneum

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25
Q

the body’s largest serous membrane, wraps
around most abdominopelvic organs

A

Peritoneum

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26
Q

the serosa of the alimentary canal and covers other intra- abdominal organs.

A

visceral peritoneum

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27
Q

the abdominal wall, connects to visceral peritoneum.

A

Parietal peritoneum

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28
Q

five major peritoneal folds that bind the organs to one another and to the cavity walls

A

◦ greater omentum
◦ falciform ligament
◦ lesser omentum
◦ mesentery
◦ mesocolon

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29
Q

largest peritoneal fold.
* Connects the stomach to the transverse colon
* Drapes over the transverse colon and the anterior coils of the small intestine

A

Greater omentum :

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30
Q

____Contains: lymph nodes and a large amount of adipose tissue that can greatly expand

A

Greater omentum

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31
Q

attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall
and diaphragm.

A

Falciform ligament:

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32
Q

suspends the stomach and duodenum from the inferior edge of the liver.
 pathway for blood vessels to enter the liver
 contains the common bile duct.

A

Lesser omentum:

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33
Q

______ (small) and _____ (large): attach intestine to posterior abdominal wall

A

Mesentery. Mesocolon

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34
Q

(Loose/ Tight) attachment so muscular contractions can mix and move the contents along the GI tract

A

loose

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35
Q

_____ organs are covered by visceral peritoneum only on their anterior surfaces. The portion of the organ that lies behind the peritoneum is said to be “xxx”

A

Retroperitoneal

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36
Q

Organs in the retroperitoneal space include:

A

 The kidneys and ureters
 Most of the pancreas
 The adrenal glands
 The aorta and inferior vena cava

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37
Q

Digestive activities are controlled in three overlapping phases:

A
  1. The cephalic phase
  2. The gastric phase
  3. The intestinal phase
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38
Q

_____ :smell, sight, thought, or initial taste of food
* neural centers in the CNS to ___ for digestion.
 stimulate secretion of saliva and gastric juice

A

cephalic phase. prepare.

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39
Q

:food enters the stomach.
 Nervous and endocrine systems, ____ is a key hormone
 Promotes secretion of gastric juice and gastric motility.

A

Gastric phase. gastrin

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40
Q

:acidic food enters the small intestine.
 Neural response decreases gastric motility
 Hormones (____) increases intestinal secretions and decreases gastric secretions and motility

A

Intestinal phase. secretin, CCK

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41
Q

: formed by the cheeks, hard and soft palates, and the tongue

A

oral or buccal cavity

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42
Q

mastication (chewing)
 Saliva
◦ mixes with food to soften it so it can be easily swallowed

A

mechanical digestion

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43
Q

after mechanical digestion, starts the process of _____.
◦ _____: salivary amylase
◦ Fats: lingual lipase active in acidic stomach (limited activity)

A

Chemical digestion. Carbohydrates

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44
Q

Salivary regulation is under the control of the

A

ANS

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45
Q

promotes secretion
◦ This is enhanced by the cephalic phase

A

parasympathetic stimulation

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46
Q

decreases saliva secretions.

A

Sympathetic stimulation

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47
Q

located in sockets of the mandible and maxillae

A

teeth or dentes

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48
Q
  • a dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the teeth
A

Periodontal ligament

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49
Q

three major external regions of the mouth : the

A

crown, root, and neck

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50
Q

The neck of each tooth is covered by the____ , or gums, which extend slightly into each socket

A

gingivae

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51
Q

calcified connective tissue that forms most of the
tooth

A

dentin

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52
Q

harder-than-bone calcified non-living material, covers the crown

A

enamel

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53
Q

provides nutrition

A

pulp

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54
Q

___ dentitions as a child
___ as an adult

A
  1. 32
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55
Q

The _____:
 Moves food in the mouth for chewing and swallowing
(deglutition)
 Provides a sense of taste
 composed of _____

A

the tongue. skeletal muscle

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56
Q

swallowing food.
* Making sure food moves from the mouth through the pharynx to the esophagus and NOT the airway/nasal cavity.

A

degulation

57
Q

3 stages of degulation

A

Voluntary, Pharyngeal, Esophageal

58
Q

tongue pushing bolus of food into the pharynx,

A

Voluntary

59
Q

palate rises and epiglottis lowers involuntarily due to presence of food

A

Pharyngeal

60
Q

peristalsis moves the bolus down toward the stomach

A

Esophageal

61
Q

a progression of coordinated contractions and
relaxations of the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis, push the bolus onward

A

Peristalsis

62
Q
  • Propulsion is only function (moving food into the stomach).
  • Connects laryngopharynx to stomach posterior to the trachea. traverses the posterior mediastinum pierces the diaphragm
A

esophagus

63
Q

The Esophagus
Mucosa:

A

nonkeratinzed stratified squamous epithelium

64
Q

The Esophagus
Muscularis:

A

 superior 1/3: skeletal muscle
 intermediate 1/3: skeletal and smooth muscle
 inferior 1/3: smooth muscle

65
Q

Upper and lower esophageal sphincters (____) at each end of the tube.

A

UES and LES

66
Q

The _____ regulates the movement of food from
the esophagus into the stomach.

A

LES

67
Q
  • J shaped sac with Rugae (folds in the mucosa) that allow stretching
  • Third layer of muscularis (oblique)
  • position and size varies as the diaphragm moves
A

stomach

68
Q

Function of the _____:
* Store food, regulate delivery to small intestine
* Finish mechanical digestion
* Start chemical digestion of proteins
* minimal chemical digestion of fats

A

stomach

69
Q

The stomach has four main regions:

A

 cardia
 fundus
 body
 pylorus

70
Q

Simple columnar epithelial cells secrete a
protective mucous. (in stomach)

A

mucosa

71
Q

gastric glands down in the lamina propria connecting to narrow channels called

A

gastric pits.

72
Q

Exocrine glands secrete:

A

Mucus, Gastric juice (◦ HCl, ◦ pepsinogen, ◦ gastric lipase, ◦ intrinsic factor), Enteroendocrine (gastrin)

73
Q

§ kills many microbes,
§ partially denatures proteins in food
§ converts pepsinogen into pepsin.

A

HCI

74
Q

digests proteins.

A

pepsin

75
Q

(and lingual lipase) digest triglycerides.

A

Gastric lipase

76
Q

needed for absorption of vitamin B12 in the terminal ileum.

A

Intrinsic factor (IF)

77
Q

1–3 mm layer of alkaline _____ protects the stomach from acidic gastric juice

A

mucus

78
Q

______ (gentle, rippling, peristaltic movements) pass over the stomach a few times a minute.

A

mixing waves

79
Q

mixing waves reduce food and gastric juice to

A

chyme

80
Q

Small, Regulated amounts of chyme pass through the pyloric sphincter and enter the _____

A

duodenum

81
Q

the small intestine Finishes ______ of food and ____ the vast majority of food

A

chemical digestion, Absorbs

82
Q

_____ regulates food supply into the small intestine receives chyme and secretions from the pancreas and liver/gallbladder

A

Duodenum

83
Q

lipid-rich food spends more time in the _____ for more chemical digestion

A

duodenum

84
Q

 oblong gland located posterior to the stomach in the retroperitoneal space.
 connected to the duodenum by the hepatopancreatic ampulla and accessory ducts.

A

pancreas

85
Q

Function of what _____: (exocrine)
 secretes enzymes (chemical digestion)
 sodium bicarbonate (buffer acidic chyme)

A

pancreas

86
Q

Pancreatic _____ (~99% of glandular clusters) exocrine 1% (pancreatic ____) endocrine function

A

acini. islets

87
Q
  • NaHCO3 : neutralize acid
  • Digestive enzymes
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
A

Pancreatic juice:

88
Q
  • Produced by the liver
  • Stored in the gallbladder
  • Secreted into the duodenum
  • Alkaline: water, bile salts, cholesterol, and bile pigments.
  • digestive secretion and excretory product
A

bile

89
Q

______ and absorption of lipids.
◦ Without bile salts, most of the lipids in food would be passed out in feces, undigested.
 The dark pigment (bilirubin) from red blood cells.
(bile)

A

Emulsification

90
Q

Bile produced by the liver exits in the

A

common hepatic duct.

91
Q

joins the ____ from the gallbladder to form
the common bile duct (CBD).
(bile the Liver and Gallbladder)

A

cystic duct

92
Q

The CBD joins the pancreatic duct to form the _______, enters through the ______ just proximal to the second part of the duodenum to deliver its contents.

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla. duodenal papilla

93
Q

Bile “backs-up” into the ____ where it is stored and concentrated up to ten-fold through the absorption of water and ions

A

gall bladder

94
Q

_____, causes the gallbladder to
release stored bile

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

95
Q

the small intestine is divided into 3 regions

A

 The duodenum (10 in)
 The jejunum (8 ft)
 The ileum (12 ft)

96
Q

In the small intestine, ____ continues,
____ begins.

A

digestion. absorption

97
Q

Absorption Structures of the small intestine

A

Plicae circulares, Villi, Microvilli

98
Q

Chemical Digestion structures of the small intestine

A

Pancreatic juice, Bile, Intestinal juice, Brush border enzymes

99
Q

_____ finger-like projections that are covered with a simple columnar epithelium

A

Villi

100
Q

microscopic folds in the apical surface of the
plasma membrane on each simple columnar cell (about 200 million/mm2)

A

microvilli

101
Q

passage of digested nutrients into the blood or
lymph: 90% occurs in the small intestine.

A

absorbtion

102
Q

Active transport/facilitated diffusion into blood
capillaries

A

 Proteins (amino acids),
 nucleic acids,
 sugars (monosaccharides)
 Lipids (Triglycerides /fats)

103
Q

 Lipids (Triglycerides /fats) aggregated globules coated with proteins called _____. Enter lacteals (lymphatic system) by simple diffusion

A

chylomicrons

104
Q

intestinal glands in intestinal mucosa secrete

A

Intestinal juice

105
Q

Contains digestive enzymes.
Activates pancreatic enzymes :ie Trypsin

A

intestinal juice

106
Q
  • enzymes on the villi Finish chemical
    digestion.
  • Protiens->single amino acids
  • Carbohydrates->monosacchrides
  • Fats->glycerol+fatty acids
A

brush border

107
Q

Minimal mechanical digestion:

A

segmentations

108
Q

are circular folds/ridges that encourage turbulent flow of chyme.

A

pilacea circulares

109
Q

Food is absorbed into the blood in the

A

small intestine

110
Q

That food absorbed blood all goes to the

A

liver

111
Q

body’s largest gland and second largest organ

A

liver

112
Q

Liver:
2 main lobes (right and left – divided by the _____)

A

falciform ligament

113
Q

the liver is made up of repeating functional units
called

A

liver lobules

114
Q

are the major functional cells of the liver. “chemical factories”

A

hepatocytes

115
Q
  • Digestive Functions
  • Synthesis, transformation, and storage of proteins, fats, carbs
  • Detoxification, modification, and excretion of a variety of Substances
  • Production of bile The Liver
A

just read

116
Q

Non-digestive liver functions include

A

 Phagocytosis of old or worn-out cells
 Making heparin (anticoagulant) and other plasma proteins (prothrombin, fibrinogen, and albumin)
 Modifying vitamin D to its active form

117
Q

Outer margin of liver lobules: the ____

A

triad

118
Q

Liver lobules
Blood goes through _____ (a specialized
capillary) towards the _____.

A

sinusoids. central vein.

119
Q

(liver macrophages) destroy red cells, white
cells, and bacteria in blood draining from the GI tract

A

Kupffer cells

120
Q

Remove/transform toxins, And transform/store excess nutrients from the materials absorbed in the small intestine

A

hepatocytes

121
Q

Function of what :
Absorb water
Absorb some other minerals and
vitamins
Eliminate waste

A

the large intestine

122
Q

Large intestine is about 5 feet in length. 4 parts:

A

 The cecum
 The colon
◦ ascending
◦ transverse
◦ descending
◦ sigmoid
 The rectum
 The anal canal

123
Q

has no circular folds or villi, The mucosa is mostly an absorptive epithelium (mainly for
water), Plentiful microvilli, Interspersed cells produce mucous, but no digestive
enzymes

A

the large intestine

124
Q

The Large Intestine is attached to the posterior abdominal wall by ______ peritoneal membrane.

A

mesocolon

125
Q

longitudinal ribbons of smooth muscle that run
the length of the colon:

A

Teniae coli

126
Q

Segment the colon into small pouches called

A

haustra

127
Q

Ascending & descending colon (are/ are not) retroperitoneal. Transverse & sigmoid colon
(are/are not)

A

are. are not

128
Q

small pouch inferior to the ileocecal valve

A

cecum

129
Q

is a 3 in coiled tube attached to the cecum

A

appendix

130
Q

last 8 in of the GI tract, anterior to the sacrum and coccyx.

A

rectum

131
Q

last 1 in of the rectum
 mucous membrane in longitudinal folds called anal columns

A

anal canal

132
Q

The opening of the anal canal to the exterior is called the

A

anus

133
Q

~____ liters/day of fluid enter the small intestine (ingestion+secretion)

A

9

134
Q

~___ liters/day absorbed by Small intestine; the remainder passes into the large intestine, where most of the rest of it is also absorbed.

A

8

135
Q

Only ~____ mL/d of water is excreted in the feces

A

100

136
Q

______ make up most of the flora (microbes) in the colon and about 60% of the dry mass of feces

A

Bacteria

137
Q

As these bacteria digest/ferment left-over food, they secrete beneficial chemicals such as _____, _____ (a B vitamin), and some _____ (they are our main source of some of these nutrients.)

A

vitamin K, biotin, amino acids

138
Q

The ______:
haustral churning and peristalsis

A

mechanical events

139
Q

Two autonomic nervous system
reflexes: __________
◦ Both reflexes occur with distension of the stomach.
◦ food moved from small intestine to large intestine and from large intestine to rectum

A

gastroileal and gastrocolic reflexes

A&P 2 (27 decks)

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