Renal Path Quiz 2- part 4 Flashcards
nephrolithiasis
kidney stones or renal calculi
4 main types of renal stones are:
calcium oxalate
triple phosphate
uric acid
cystine
which type of stones are most common?
calcium oxalate (75%)
the bacteria that cause UTI’s are urea splitting which creates a higher pH allowing stones to precipitate out of solution. which type of renal stones are associated with UTIs?
triple phosphate (or magnesium ammonium phosphate)
what’s another name of magnesium ammonium phosphate stones (aka triple phosphate)?
staghorn calculi
they are some of the largest stones
uric acid crystals can be seen in urine of patients with
gout
diseases involving rapid cell turnover (leukemias or with tumor lysis syndrome)
uric acid crystals form in what urine pH?
acidic environment, 5.5 or less
which stone forms in gout (MTP joint of big toe)?
uric acid
cystine stone are caused by?
genetic defects
multiple stone in a child are most likely which type of stones?
cystine stones
are benign or malignant renal tumors more common?
malignant tumors
what’s the most common type of benign renal tumors?
renal adenoma
where are renal adenomas most often found? and what are they called?
- papilla
- renal papillary adenomas
how do renal papillary adenomas appear under microscope?
frond like (papillary actually means frond like)
oncocytoma is an uncommon type of adenoma with characteristic histological features of
uniform large polygonal cells
large nuclei
numerous mitochondria
what appearance do the mitochondria have in oncocytoma?
stacked appearance
what’s the most common type of primary malignant renal tumor?
renal cell carcinoma
most common primary and most common malignant
what classic triad of sx suggests advanced disease in renal cell carcinoma?
flank pain
hematuria
palpable abdominal mass
what’s the main risk factor for renal cell carcinoma?
tobacco
also exposure to toxic compounds
dialysis patients who develop renal cysts are at an increased risk for what?
renal cell carcinoma
other cysts in kidneys (simple cysts, adult or child PKD, or medullary sponge kidney) aren’t at an increased risk
now that we know the most common malignant renal tumor is renal cell carcinoma, what’s the most common type of renal cell carcinoma?
clear cell carcinoma (75-85%)
renal cell carcinoma is most often referred to as clear cell carcinoma due to the histological appearance of the cells. which is?
cells that have a clear cytoplasm
arranged in nests
with intervening blood vessels
clear cell carcinoma arises from which part of the glomerulus?
proximal tubules
what’s the second most common primary malignant renal tumor?
transitional cell carcinoma
but the second most common malignancy is metastatic tumor
what’s the most common primary renal tumor of childhood?
Wilm’s tumor
what’s the histological appearance of Wilm’s tumor?
nests of primitive appearing cells