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Pathology IV > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

molluscum contagiosum
lesion appearance?
how it’s spread?
cause by?

A

characteristic lesion is pinpoint central umbilicus
spread via direct contact
caused by a DNA poxvirus

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2
Q

what are the histological findings of psoriasis?

A

marked hyperkeratosis
loss of granular layer
epidermal acanthosis and notable elongation of the rete ridges or pegs
vascular dilation

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3
Q

lichen simplex chronicus

histological findings?

A

scratch and itch cycle

thickened epidermis w leukocyte infiltration of the underlying dermis

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4
Q

widespread lichen simplex is often called what?

A

neurodermatitis

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5
Q

characteristic microscopic findings in lichen simplex chronicus are?

A

elongation, widening, and irregular thickening of rete ridges along with acanthosis, hyperkeratosis and chronic inflammation in the dermis
*same as psoriasis

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6
Q

would want to avoid what topical treatment to avoid further damage in lichen planus?

A

cortisol cream

the skin is inflamed and ulcerated and cortisol cream would further irritate the area

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7
Q

what is the microscopic appearance of lichen planus?

A

saw-tooth appearance of the rete pegs

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8
Q

gross appearance of lichen sclerosus?

A

the vulva and peri-anal area appear pale or white in color

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9
Q

which lichen condition is associated with an increased risk for vulva cancer?

A

lichen sclerosus

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10
Q

microscopic findings of lichen sclerosus reveal what?

A

flattening of the rete pegs

acellular zone beneath the epidermis (dense collagenous fibrous tissue)

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11
Q

describe the microscopic appearance of each of the lichen conditions and psoriasis

A

lichen simplex chronicus- thickening of rete pegs
psoriais - elongation of rete pegs
lichen planus - saw tooth rete pegs
lichen sclerosus - flattening of rete pegs

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12
Q

bartholin’s cyst usually related to what infection?

A

gonococcal infection

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13
Q

genital herpes

microscopic appearance

A

smears taken directly from the vesicle show characteristic multinucleated giant cells (due to abnormal division)

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14
Q

condyloma acuminata
aka
caused by

A

genital warts

HPV

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15
Q

HPV types __ and __ are responsible for 90% of all cases of genital warts

A

6, 11

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16
Q

which types of HPV cause the majority of cervical cancer?

A

16, 18

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17
Q

microscopic changes for condyloma acuminata?

A

acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and cytoplasmic vacuolation

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18
Q

condyloma latum
underlying dz?
caused by?

A

underlying dz is syphilis

caused by treponema pallidum

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19
Q

treponema pallidum
morphology
gram neg or pos?
assoc with which condition?

A

morphology: spiral shaped gram neg highly mobile (flagellated) bacterium
assoc w: conyloma latum

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20
Q

chancre of syphilis painful or painless?

A

painless (hard to believe because it looks crazy painful gross)

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21
Q

compare BV, Trichomona and Candida in terms of odor and pH

A

BV and Trich have a high pH and a “fishy” odor while Candida doesn’t have an odor and has a low pH

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22
Q

on wet mount the presence of ____ is characteristic for BV?

A

clue cells

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23
Q

what is the most common STI worldwide?

A

chlamydia trachomatis

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24
Q

characteristics of Neiserria gonorrhea

A

gran neg diplococci

causes gonorrhea

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25
Q

in vulva intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) the lesion may appear

A

variable in color

the plaques may be red, white, yellow, or multi-pigmented plaques

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26
Q

microscopic changes for condyloma acuminata?

A

marked thickening of epidermis (acanthosis) and cytoplasmic vacuolation

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27
Q

treponema pallidum
morphology
gram neg or pos?
assoc with which condition?

A

morphology: spiral shaped gram neg highly mobile (flagellated) bacterium
assoc w: condyloma latum

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28
Q

vulva intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)

microscopically

A

looks like cancer!

diffuse cellular atypia, nuclear crowding, and increased mitotic index

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29
Q

More than 90% of all cases of VIN and associated cancers are found to contain DNA of the high risk strains of

A

HPV 16, 18, 31, and 45 (majority of cases are 16)

this is the same as for HPV

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30
Q

Approximately 85% of vulvar cancers are

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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31
Q

Children with mother’s who were treated with diestylbestrol (DES) during pregnancy show an increased incidence of what?

A

clear cell adenocarcinoma

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32
Q

Cervical cancer is directly tied to the presence of

A

HPV 16, 18, 31, and 45 (16 & 18 by far the most common)

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33
Q

what is the most recent classification of cervical cancer?

A

the Bethesda system
it has replaced the Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia classification (CIN)

Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) (corresponds to CIN1) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) (corresponds to CIN2/3)

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34
Q

term used to describe cellular changes in which cells nuclei are enlarged and often stain with a halo-like appearance.(nuclei stain darker)

A

koilocytosis

characteristic of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US). HPV infected cells.

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35
Q

what is the most common and most benign form of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (carcinoma in situ)?

A

CIN 1

36
Q

infertility is common in women with endometriosis and is thought to be due to
it’s also common in PID

A

scarring, adhesions, anatomical distortions of the involved ovary, Fallopian tubes or uterus.
Furthermore, inflammation due to endometriosis increases local release of cytokines that may interfere with conception, implantation or normal development of a fertilized ovum

37
Q

endometrioma
aka
cause

A

chocolate cyst

ovarian cyst that is formed as a consequence of ectopic endometrial tissue that bleeds within the ovary

38
Q

Adenomyosis generally refers to the presence of

A

ectopic endometrial tissue (glands and stroma) within the myometrium (the thick, muscular layer of the uterus)
appearance of glands where there shouldn’t be any

39
Q

what’s the most common underlying cause of endometritis (inflammation of uterus due to infxn)?

A

usually due to retained placental fragments or iatrogenic infection during delivery or as a consequence of infection that develops following an abortion.

40
Q

acute endometritis is characterized by the presence of what?

A

micro-abscesses or neutrophils within the endometrial glands

41
Q

chronic endometritis is characterized by the presence of what?

A

plasma cells (nuclei that are off to the side of the cell- eccentric)

42
Q

what is the most characteristic and common component of PID?

A

infxn of the oviducts

43
Q

although an _______ is the most common cause of PID, many other routes of infection are possible, including _________

A

STI
lymphatic or hematogenous spread, postpartum or post-abortion infections and infection related to the presence of an intrauterine device (IUD).

44
Q

atypical hyperplasia often presents with atypical bleeding due to

A

an estrogen dominant environment

45
Q

endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological cancer. what type endometrial cancer is the most common?

A

adenocarcinoma

46
Q

increased risk for developing endometrial cancer has been linked to:

A

nulliparity
obesity (peripheral conversion of estrogen)
DM (insulin has a GF like effect)
HTN

47
Q

a far less common type of endometrial cancer than adenocarcinoma is

A

serous carcinoma of the ovary (papillary serious carcinoma)

48
Q

microscopically papillary serous carcinoma is notable for

A

accumulation of nuclear p53 protein (aberrant p53)

49
Q

leimomyomas,
aka
what are they

A

fibroids

benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus

50
Q

Leiomyomas usually present as

A

discrete, well-circumscribed tumors that are often round, firm and when sectioned appear gray-white in color.

51
Q

These cells have a characteristic

A

whorled pattern of smooth muscle

52
Q

leiomyoma sarcoma and sarcomas in general have a characteristic cell shape

A

“spindle shaped”, otherwise don’t appear to be aberrant

53
Q

Benign epithelial tumors of the ovary is called

A

serious cystadenoma of the ovary

54
Q

more than 90% of ovarian cancer are classified as _____ and arise from the ______

A

epithelial, surface of the ovary

55
Q

why is ovarian cancer so hard to dx and why is it considered aggressive?

A

sx are often absent in the early course of the dz and when they do occur they are subtle (constipation, abdominal bloating, pelvic pain, difficulty eating and frequent urination

56
Q

Ovarian serous cystadenocarcinomas may contain small calcifications which are referred to as

A

psammoma bodies.

57
Q

cystic teratomas of the ovaries are a form of

A

ovarian germ cell tumor

58
Q

When ovarian tertomas are mostly solid, they often contain less differentiated tissue. Such tumors are sometimes termed

A

“immature teratomas”

59
Q

microscopically the teratoma has

A

cartilage and adipose tissue

60
Q

most common birth defect of the male genitalia?

A

cryptorchidism (undescended testes)

61
Q

2nd most common birth defect of the male genitalia?

A

hypospadias (urethral meatus on ventral side vs epispadias which is on dorsal side)

62
Q

what’s the difference between phimosis and paraphimosis?

A

phimosis - foreskin can’t be retracted

paraphimosis - foreskin stuck in retracted position

63
Q 
an idiopathic (primary) varicocele is defined as?
a secondary varicocele caused by?
A
  • when valves within the veins along the spermatic cord don’t work properly
  • compression of the vein causes engorgement (if just on R side, think mass! imaging!!!!)
64
Q

what is the appropriate technique to dx a hydrocele?

A

transillumination (will light up. follow up with US)

65
Q

what’s the most common underlying cause of testicular torsion?
what will happen with transillumination?

A
  • a congenital malformation called “bell clapper deformity” (the testis is inadequately affixed to the spermatic cord)
  • it will be opaque
66
Q

Gonococcal urethritis is caused by:

The bacteria in question looks like:

A

Neisseria gonorrhea

gran negative diplococci

67
Q

what causes non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)?

The bacteria in question looks like:

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

it’s a gram negative obligate and with appropriate monoclonal staining you can see the inclusion bodies

68
Q

reactive arthritis (Reither’s syndrome) is characterized by what sx

A

arthritis, conjunctivitis, and urinary tract infections, or urethritis and fourth major feature, ulcerations of the mouth and the skin (often of the feet).

69
Q

a Tzanck smear of herpes simplex virus will show

A

a multinucleated giant cell

70
Q

The chancres of syphilis are likely to be?

A

painless chancres (hard to beleive because they look like gaping fucking wounds)

71
Q

what causes primary syphilis?

this bacterium looks like?

A

treponema pallidum

spirochete

72
Q

secondary syphilis characterized by what sort of lesion? what does it mean?

A

circular lesions, represents active spirochete infection

73
Q

condyloma acuminata (aka genital warts) is caused by

A

HPV strains, primarily 6 & 11

74
Q

primary testicular cancer is the most common ______ malignant tumor in men between the ages ______ and _______

A

solid

20-35

75
Q

______ prevalence in penile cancers is high at about 40%

______ is accountable for 63% of prostate cancers

A

HPV, HPV 16

76
Q

what is the most common type of testicular cancer?

what are the other types of testicular cancer?

A

Seminoma (germ cell tumor)
embryonal
teratoma
mixed type

77
Q

Blood tests may detect the presence of ______ or ________ in someone who has a seminoma tumor

A

placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP)

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

78
Q

microscopically seminoma tumor cells appear

A

Lobules of neoplastic cells have an intervening stroma with characteristic lymphoid infiltrates. The seminoma cells are large with vesicular nuclei and pale cytoplasm.

79
Q

Blood tests may detect the presence of an elevation of______ and _______ in someone who has a embryonal carcinoma

A 
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
alpha fetoprotein (AFP) - unique to this cancer
80
Q

microscopically embryonal carcinoma appears

A

Sheets of cells are trying to form primitive tubules

81
Q

a teratoma is an

A

encapsulated tumor

82
Q

does benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) increase the risk of cancer?

A

Answer? NO! Although it does elevate PSA levels

83
Q

microscopically benign prostatic hyperplasia appears

A

1) well-differentiated glands with tall columnar epithelial lining cells (normally there is one row of columnar cells and an outer layer of cuboidal to myoepithelial cells)

84
Q

Approximately 95% of prostate cancer is found to be ________

A

adenocarcinoma

85
Q

microscopically adenocarcinoma

A

greater density of glandular tissue

dissapearance of stoma

86
Q

microscopically adenocarcinoma

A

greater density of glandular tissue

dissapearance of stroma

Pathology IV (19 decks)

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