Renal, Genitourinary & Breast Pathology - Exam III Flashcards
The kidney is very rich in:
blood supply
What is the yellowish tissue sitting on top of the kidney?
adrenal gland?
What is the difference between hematuria and hemaglobinuria
Hematuria- red blood cells in your urine-
Hemaglobinuria- hemoglobin in your urine- Red/clear coca-cola urine
The kidney is described as structurally complex, explain:
only 0.4% of body weight but filters 25% of blood through the glomeruli
How much of the total body weight does the kidney comprise?
0.4%
The kidney filters ___% of blood through ___
25%; glomeruli
The kidney is responsible for excretion of:
nitrogenous waste products of metabolism
The kidney is responsible for regulation of:
body water & electrolytes
The kidney excretes nitrogenous waste products of metabolism- cleans the blood- and turns ____ into urine
1.5 liters
The kidney is responsible for maintaining appropriate ____ balance
acid-base
The kidney is considered a ___ organ meaning it secretes:
endocrine; hormones
What are two hormones secreted by the kidney?
- renin
- erythropoietin
The kidney secretes renin which functions in:
blood pressure
The kidney secretes erythropoietin which causes:
proliferative effect on bone marrow to make RBCs
Label the following:
A: Ureter
B: Medial margin
C: Renal pelvis
D: Renal vein
E: Renal artery
F: Hilus
G: Medial margin
H: Fibrous capsule
I: Superior extremity
J: Lateral margin
K: Stellate veins
L: Inferior extremity
Label the following image:
A: Cortex
B: Medulla (pyramid)
C: Minor Calyces
D: Major Calyces
E: MInor Calyces
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
The morphological components of the nephron include (3):
- glomeruli
- convoluted tubules
- collecting ducts
Label the following image:
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
What element of the kidney is responsible for controlling blood pressure?
juxtaglomerular apparatus
Label the white boxes:
top box: JG cells
bottom box: Macula Densa
Where are juxtaglomerular cells located? What is their function?
located in wall of afferent arteriole; sensor for blood pressure
Where is the macula densa located? What is its function?
located in wall of distal convoluted tubule; sensor for sodium
Juxtaglomerular cells are a sensor for ____, while the macula densa is a sensor for ____
blood pressure; sodium
Complex of the kidney responsible for controlling blood pressure:
juxtaglomerular complex
Elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels:
azotemia
Azotemia is the elevation of:
blood urea. nitrogen and creatinine levels
Azotemia is usually related to:
reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Azotemia is associated with many ____ but also may be associated with ___
primary renal disorders; extra-renal disorders
What are the two categories of extra-renal azotemia?
- pre-renal azotemia
- post-renal azotemia
Extra-renal azotemia that occurs due to hypofusion of the kidneys that decreases GFR in the absence of parenchymal damage:
Pre-renal azotemia
Extra-renal azotomia that is due to urine flow obstruction below the level of the kidney:
post-renal azotemia
Pre-renal azotemia that that occurs due to urine flow obstruction below the level of the kidney:
post-renal azotemia
Give an example of a condition that may lead to pre-renal azotemia:
CHF or blood loss due to trauma
Give an example of a condition that may lead to post-renal azotemia:
stone in ureter
Progression of azotemia to produce clinical manifestations and systemic biochemical abnormalities:
uremia
Uremia results from failure of:
renal excretory function
What type of alterations are associated with uremia?
metabolic & endocrine
Uremia can be described as a ___ condition:
chronic
Uremia is not only a kidney disease but can also have:
multi-organ involvement
Secondary involvement of organ systems is uremia include:
- uremic gastroenteritis
- peripheral neuropathy
- uremic fibrinous pericarditis
- uremic stomatitis
Glomerular syndrome characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria:
Nephrotic syndrome
Glomerular syndrome characterized by acute onset of grossly-visible hematuria, mild-to-moderate proteinuria, azotemia, edema and hypertension (classic presentation of acute post-streptococcal glomerularnephritis)
Nephritis syndrome
Oligouria or anuria with recent onset of azotemia. May result from glomerular injury or acute tubular necrosis:
acute renal failure
Prolonged symptoms and signs of uremia- the end result of all renal disease:
chronic renal failure
Bacteriuria and pyruiria- symptomatic or asymptomatic- kidney and/or bladder involvement:
urinary tract infections
Urinary tract infection involving the kidney:
pyelonephritis
Urinary tract infection involving the bladder:
cystitis
Kidney stones- colic, hematuria:
nephrolithiasis
Urinary tract obstruction & renal tumors are both:
clinical manifestations of renal disease
- glomerular syndrome
- a non-specific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak large amounts of protein form the blood into the urine
- heavy proteinuria
- hypoalbuminemia
- severe edema
- hyperlipidemia
- lipiduria
Nephrotic syndrome
Trigger words for nephrotic syndrome:
protein (large amounts of protein from blood into urine) & severe edema
- glomerular syndrome
- a non-specific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak protein and red blood cells from the blood into the urine
- acute onset
- grossly-visible hematuria
- mild-to-moderate proteinuria
- azotemia
- edema
- hypertension
Nephritic syndrome
Trigger words for nephritic syndrome:
protein AND red blood cells (leak from the blood into urine) ; grossly-visible hematuria & hypertension
An immune-mediate disease of the renal glomeruli:
glomerulonephritis
What is the treatment for glomerulonephritis?
steroid treatment
AN infection of the kidney (NOT glomerulus) usually caused by bacteria and of retrograde origin:
pyelonephritis
What is the treatment for pyelonephritis?
antibiotic treatment
Postinfectious glomerulonephritis =
post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Acute onset of nephritis syndrome in 9-14 days following streptococcal infection:
post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is the acute onset of ____ in ___ days following ____ infection
nephritic syndrome; 9-14 days; streptococcal
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is due to a ____ immune injury (immune complex-mediated inflammation)
Type III immune injury
What is the LEAST common pathway of renal infection?
hematogenous dissemination
What is the MOST common pathway of renal infection?
Ascending infection
One cause of renal infection leading to pyelonephritis is due to ___ bacteria from ___
fecal; perineal area
