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Pathology > Renal, Genitourinary & Breast Pathology - Exam III > Flashcards

Renal, Genitourinary & Breast Pathology - Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

The kidney is very rich in:

A

blood supply

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2
Q

What is the yellowish tissue sitting on top of the kidney?

A

adrenal gland?

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3
Q

What is the difference between hematuria and hemaglobinuria

A

Hematuria- red blood cells in your urine-

Hemaglobinuria- hemoglobin in your urine- Red/clear coca-cola urine

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4
Q

The kidney is described as structurally complex, explain:

A

only 0.4% of body weight but filters 25% of blood through the glomeruli

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5
Q

How much of the total body weight does the kidney comprise?

A

0.4%

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6
Q

The kidney filters ___% of blood through ___

A

25%; glomeruli

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7
Q

The kidney is responsible for excretion of:

A

nitrogenous waste products of metabolism

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8
Q

The kidney is responsible for regulation of:

A

body water & electrolytes

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9
Q

The kidney excretes nitrogenous waste products of metabolism- cleans the blood- and turns ____ into urine

A

1.5 liters

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10
Q

The kidney is responsible for maintaining appropriate ____ balance

A

acid-base

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11
Q

The kidney is considered a ___ organ meaning it secretes:

A

endocrine; hormones

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12
Q

What are two hormones secreted by the kidney?

A
  1. renin
  2. erythropoietin
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13
Q

The kidney secretes renin which functions in:

A

blood pressure

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14
Q

The kidney secretes erythropoietin which causes:

A

proliferative effect on bone marrow to make RBCs

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15
Q

Label the following:

A

A: Ureter
B: Medial margin
C: Renal pelvis
D: Renal vein
E: Renal artery
F: Hilus
G: Medial margin
H: Fibrous capsule
I: Superior extremity
J: Lateral margin
K: Stellate veins
L: Inferior extremity

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16
Q

Label the following image:

A

A: Cortex
B: Medulla (pyramid)
C: Minor Calyces
D: Major Calyces
E: MInor Calyces

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17
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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18
Q

The morphological components of the nephron include (3):

A
  1. glomeruli
  2. convoluted tubules
  3. collecting ducts
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19
Q

Label the following image:

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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20
Q

What element of the kidney is responsible for controlling blood pressure?

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

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21
Q

Label the white boxes:

A

top box: JG cells

bottom box: Macula Densa

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22
Q

Where are juxtaglomerular cells located? What is their function?

A

located in wall of afferent arteriole; sensor for blood pressure

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23
Q

Where is the macula densa located? What is its function?

A

located in wall of distal convoluted tubule; sensor for sodium

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24
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells are a sensor for ____, while the macula densa is a sensor for ____

A

blood pressure; sodium

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25
Q

Complex of the kidney responsible for controlling blood pressure:

A

juxtaglomerular complex

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26
Q

Elevation of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels:

A

azotemia

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27
Q

Azotemia is the elevation of:

A

blood urea. nitrogen and creatinine levels

28
Q

Azotemia is usually related to:

A

reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

29
Q

Azotemia is associated with many ____ but also may be associated with ___

A

primary renal disorders; extra-renal disorders

30
Q

What are the two categories of extra-renal azotemia?

A
  1. pre-renal azotemia
  2. post-renal azotemia
31
Q

Extra-renal azotemia that occurs due to hypofusion of the kidneys that decreases GFR in the absence of parenchymal damage:

A

Pre-renal azotemia

32
Q

Extra-renal azotomia that is due to urine flow obstruction below the level of the kidney:

A

post-renal azotemia

33
Q

Pre-renal azotemia that that occurs due to urine flow obstruction below the level of the kidney:

A

post-renal azotemia

34
Q

Give an example of a condition that may lead to pre-renal azotemia:

A

CHF or blood loss due to trauma

35
Q

Give an example of a condition that may lead to post-renal azotemia:

A

stone in ureter

36
Q

Progression of azotemia to produce clinical manifestations and systemic biochemical abnormalities:

A

uremia

37
Q

Uremia results from failure of:

A

renal excretory function

38
Q

What type of alterations are associated with uremia?

A

metabolic & endocrine

39
Q

Uremia can be described as a ___ condition:

A

chronic

40
Q

Uremia is not only a kidney disease but can also have:

A

multi-organ involvement

41
Q

Secondary involvement of organ systems is uremia include:

A
  1. uremic gastroenteritis
  2. peripheral neuropathy
  3. uremic fibrinous pericarditis
  4. uremic stomatitis
42
Q

Glomerular syndrome characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, severe edema, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria:

A

Nephrotic syndrome

43
Q

Glomerular syndrome characterized by acute onset of grossly-visible hematuria, mild-to-moderate proteinuria, azotemia, edema and hypertension (classic presentation of acute post-streptococcal glomerularnephritis)

A

Nephritis syndrome

44
Q

Oligouria or anuria with recent onset of azotemia. May result from glomerular injury or acute tubular necrosis:

A

acute renal failure

45
Q

Prolonged symptoms and signs of uremia- the end result of all renal disease:

A

chronic renal failure

46
Q

Bacteriuria and pyruiria- symptomatic or asymptomatic- kidney and/or bladder involvement:

A

urinary tract infections

47
Q

Urinary tract infection involving the kidney:

A

pyelonephritis

48
Q

Urinary tract infection involving the bladder:

A

cystitis

49
Q

Kidney stones- colic, hematuria:

A

nephrolithiasis

50
Q

Urinary tract obstruction & renal tumors are both:

A

clinical manifestations of renal disease

51
Q
  • glomerular syndrome
  • a non-specific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak large amounts of protein form the blood into the urine
  • heavy proteinuria
  • hypoalbuminemia
  • severe edema
  • hyperlipidemia
  • lipiduria
A

Nephrotic syndrome

52
Q

Trigger words for nephrotic syndrome:

A

protein (large amounts of protein from blood into urine) & severe edema

52
Q
  • glomerular syndrome
  • a non-specific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak protein and red blood cells from the blood into the urine
  • acute onset
  • grossly-visible hematuria
  • mild-to-moderate proteinuria
  • azotemia
  • edema
  • hypertension
A

Nephritic syndrome

52
Q

Trigger words for nephritic syndrome:

A

protein AND red blood cells (leak from the blood into urine) ; grossly-visible hematuria & hypertension

53
Q

An immune-mediate disease of the renal glomeruli:

A

glomerulonephritis

54
Q

What is the treatment for glomerulonephritis?

A

steroid treatment

55
Q

AN infection of the kidney (NOT glomerulus) usually caused by bacteria and of retrograde origin:

A

pyelonephritis

56
Q

What is the treatment for pyelonephritis?

A

antibiotic treatment

57
Q

Postinfectious glomerulonephritis =

A

post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

58
Q

Acute onset of nephritis syndrome in 9-14 days following streptococcal infection:

A

post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

59
Q

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is the acute onset of ____ in ___ days following ____ infection

A

nephritic syndrome; 9-14 days; streptococcal

60
Q

Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is due to a ____ immune injury (immune complex-mediated inflammation)

A

Type III immune injury

61
Q

What is the LEAST common pathway of renal infection?

A

hematogenous dissemination

62
Q

What is the MOST common pathway of renal infection?

A

Ascending infection

63
Q

One cause of renal infection leading to pyelonephritis is due to ___ bacteria from ___

A

fecal; perineal area

64
Q
A

Pathology (24 decks)

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