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Pathology > Lecture 1 Study Guide- Intro to general & systemic pathology > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Study Guide- Intro to general & systemic pathology Flashcards

1
Q

The cause of a disease process:

A

etiology

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2
Q

The mechanism of disease development:

A

pathogenesis

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3
Q

The biochemical and structural changes induced in cells and organs:

A

molecular & morphologic changes

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4
Q

The functional consequences of the morphologic changes:

A

clinical manifestations

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5
Q

Any abnormal condition that may impair bodily function, cause discomfort, social problems, death, injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, alterations of behavior, and atypical variations of structure and function:

A

disease

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6
Q

Disease may be classified as:

A

intrinsic or extrinsic

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7
Q

Any type of clinical or molecular abnormality:

A

lesion

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8
Q

Lesion that can occur due to irritation by biting cheek/tongue, a sharp tooth, etc.:

A

traumatic ulcer

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9
Q

White lesion that is irregular and thickened- often can’t find a reason for it:

A

leukoplakia

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10
Q

Tooth lesion that may be xerostomia-related:

A

carious lesion

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11
Q

Pigmented lesion, irregular in shape:

A

melanoma

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12
Q

What is the most common intraoral site for melanoma -in adults:

A

on the palate

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13
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma & Sturge Weber Syndrome (encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis) are both considered ____ lesions

A

visible

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14
Q
  • Visible lesion
  • Associated with cognitive disorder
  • 1st & 2nd branch of trigeminal nerve affected
A

Sturge Weber Syndrome (encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis)

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15
Q

Lesions that may be located deep within the body:

A

invisible lesion

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16
Q

Invisible lesions may be ___ lesions or ____ lesions

A

molecular lesions or biochemical lesions

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17
Q

Give two examples of invisible lesions that are located deep within the body:

A
  1. lung cancer
  2. breast cancer
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18
Q

Give three examples of lesions that are invisible due to their molecular/biochemical basis:

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
  2. Schizophrenia
  3. Phenylketonuria (PKU) enzyme deficiency
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19
Q
  • Invisible biochemical lesion
  • Autosomal recessive disorder of phenylalanine metabolism
  • Mutation = phenylalanine hydroxylase (enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine)
  • Phenylalanine is toxic tot he Brian and causes profound irreversible mental retardation (cognitive disorder)
  • Diagnosed by the Guthrie test (if positive remove phenylalanine from diet for life)
A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

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20
Q

The name of the disease should give a clue to the ___ or ___ involved

A

cause or organ system

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21
Q

Disease names may change over time such as:

  1. moniliasis =
  2. cementoma=
  3. odontogenist keratocyst=
  4. calcifying odontogenic cyst=
  5. geographic tongue
A
  1. candidiasis
  2. memento-osseous dysplasia
  3. keratocystic odontogenic tumor
  4. calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor
  5. erythema migrans
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22
Q

Disease may have multiple names such as:

  1. Paget disease of bone =
  2. Geographic tongue =
A
  1. Osteitis deformans
  2. erythema migrans
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23
Q

Diseases may be identified by eponyms such as:

  1. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis=
  2. Clotting Factor 9 Deficiency=
  3. Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst=
  4. Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor
A
  1. Lou Gehrig Disease
  2. Christmas Disease
  3. Gorlin Cyst
  4. Pindborg Tumor
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24
Q

Disease may be identified by acronyms such as:

  1. Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
  2. Odontogenic Keratocyst
  3. Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome
  4. Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor
A
  1. MRONJ
  2. OKC
  3. BCNS
  4. CEOT
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25
Q

What is the difference between sign vs. symptom of a disease?

A

sign- objective, something you see

symptom- subjective, something the pt tells you

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26
Q

Something the patient tells you (subjective)

A

symptom

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27
Q

Something you see (objective)

A

sign

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28
Q

A sign whose presence means that a particular disease is present beyond any doubt:

A

pathognomic disease

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29
Q

Diseases may vary in their prevalence- a rare disease with low prevalence is considered:

A

orphan disease

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30
Q
  1. Marfan syndrome
  2. Cystic fibrosis
  3. Treacher collins syndrome
  4. Sickle cell anemia
  5. Multiple Endocrine neoplasia II
  6. Peutz Jegher syndrome
  7. Gorlin syndrome
  8. Ewing sarcoma

These are all examples of:

A

orphan diseases

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31
Q

Refers the the disease state of an individual:

A

morbidity

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32
Q

Refers to the incidence (number) of illness in a population:

A

morbidity

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33
Q

Refers tot the state of being mortal or the incidence (number) of death in a population

A

mortality

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34
Q

Simultaneous presence of two or more medical conditions:

A

comorbidity

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35
Q

The identifying nature or cause of some phenomenon:

A

diagnosis

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36
Q

A prediction about how something will develop, prospect of recovery:

A

prognosis

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37
Q

Label the following as sign or symptom:

  1. headache
  2. HTN
  3. rash
A
  1. symptom
  2. sign
  3. sign/symtpom
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38
Q

Categories of disease include: (6)

A
  1. developmental
  2. infectious
  3. neoplastic
  4. metabolic
  5. immune-mediated
  6. reactive
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39
Q

Define the category of disease:

  • genetic, environmental
A

developmental disease

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40
Q

Define the category of disease:

  • bacteria, viruses, fungi, MMR
A

infectious disease

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41
Q

Define the category of disease:

  • benign, malignant (can metastasize)
A

neoplastic disease

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42
Q

Define the category of disease:

  • endocrine
A

metabolic disease

43
Q

Define the category of disease:

  • allergy, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity
A

immune-mediated disease

44
Q

Define the category of disease:

  • traumatic, physical, chemical, factitial, iatrogenic injuries
A

reactive disease

45
Q

Cherubim is an example of a ____ disease

A

developmental disease

46
Q
  • autosomal dominant
  • puffy appearance; causes expansion of jaws (maxilla)
  • multiloculated and giant cell lesions- will resolve
  • palatal tori
A

Cherubism-developmental disease

47
Q
  • Autosomal dominant
  • Jaw osteomas- benign jaw tumors
  • A familial intestinal polyposis syndrome
  • Low jaw bone density is a marker of this disease
  • Polyps (red bumps) can undergo transformation
A

Gardner Syndrome- developmental disease

48
Q

Gardner syndrome is an example of a ____ disease

A

developmental disease

49
Q

Amelogenesis Imperfecta is an example of a ___ disease

A

developmental disease

50
Q
  • autosomal dominant
  • chalky white teeth due to mutation in enamel protein
  • enamel flakes off the teeth
A

amelogenesis imperfecta

51
Q

Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis is an example of a ____ disease

A

infectious disease

52
Q
  • Inflammation of the oral mucosa and gingiva caused by the herpes virus
  • all of us carry this
A

Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis- infectious disease

53
Q
  • Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma (neoplasm)
  • excessive growth hormone from pituitary (usually tumor)
  • mandible continues to grow, creating a prognathic appearance
  • this is AFTER growth plates have fused
A

acromegaly- metabolic disease

54
Q

Acromegaly is an example of a ____ disease

A

metabolic disease

55
Q
  • short stature
  • delayed dental eruption
A

hypothyroidism- metabolic disease

56
Q

Hypothyroidism is an example of a ____ disease

A

metabolic disease

57
Q

A granular cell tumor is an example of a ___ disease

A

neoplastic disease

58
Q

A squamous cell carcinoma is an example of a ____ disease

A

neoplastic disease

59
Q
  • one of the most common ulcers
  • T-lymphocytes destroy mucosal surface
A

recurrent aphthous stomatitis (canker sore)- immune-mediated disease

60
Q

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (canker sore) is an example of a _____ disease

A

immune-mediated disease

61
Q
  • Autoimmune disease affecting gingiva
  • Easy separation of overlying epithelium to underlying CT with light stream of air
A

Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid (desquamative gingivitis)- immune-mediated disease

62
Q

Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid (Desquamative Gingivitis) is an example of a ____ disease

A

immune-mediated

63
Q
  • Overgrowth of normal healing tissue
  • reaction to an irritant- will go away when irritant is removed (i.e., calculus)
A

Pyogenic Granuloma- reactive disease

64
Q

A pyogenic granuloma is an example of a ____ disease

A

reactive disease

65
Q
  • gingival overgrowth caused by the underlying systemic disease along with an infection
  • can be considered both reactive or metabolic
A

gingival hyperplasia (due to DM)

66
Q

Gingival hyperplasia is an example of a ____ disease

A

Both reactive or metabolic

67
Q

Allows the passage of x-rays, appears black, destruction of bone:

A

radiolucent

68
Q

Blocks the passage of x-rays. Appears white. Formation of bone or other mineralized material:

A

radiopaque

69
Q

A small circumscribed elevated lesion usually less than 1cm in diameter, usually contains serous fluid

A

vesicle

70
Q

Describe the lesion in this image:

A

vesicle

71
Q

A circumscribed, elevated lesion that is around 1cm I diameter, usually contains serous fluid:

A

Bulla

72
Q

Describe the lesion in this image:

A

Bulla

73
Q

Various sized circumscribed elevations containing pus:

A

Pustule

74
Q

Describe the lesion in this image:

A

Pustule

75
Q

A segment or lobe that is part of the whole, these lobes sometimes appear fused together:

A

Lobule

76
Q

Describe the lesion in this image:

A

Lobule

77
Q

An area that is usually distinguished by a color from that of the surrounding tissue. It is flat and does not protrude above the surface of the normal tissue:

A

macule

78
Q

Describe the lesion in this image:

A

macule

79
Q

A small circumscribed lesion usually less than 1cm in diameter that is elevated or protrudes above the surface of the normal surrounding tissue:

A

papule

80
Q

Describe the lesion in this image:

A

papule

81
Q

A circumscribed lesion usually greater than 1cm in diameter that is elevated or protrudes above or below the surface of normal surrounding tissue:

A

nodule

82
Q

Describe the lesion in this image:

A

nodule

83
Q

Attached by a stem-like or stalk base (CANNOT use this term alone):

A

pedunculated

84
Q

Describe the lesion in this image:

A

pedunculated lesion

85
Q

Describing the base of a lesion that is flat stem-like (CANNOT use this term alone):

A

sessile

86
Q

Describe the lesion in this image:

A

sessile lesion

87
Q

A loss of continuity of the epithelium that penetrates to the underlying connective tissue:

A

ulcer

88
Q

Describe the lesion in this image:

A

ulcer

89
Q

A patch or differentiated area on a body surface:

A

plaque

90
Q

Describe the lesion in this image:

A

plaque

91
Q

A surface texture that can be described as wrinkled:

A

corrugated

92
Q

A surface texture that can be described as a cleft or groove, normal otherwise, showing prominent depth:

A

fissure

93
Q

A surface texture resembling small nipple-shaped projections or elevations found in clusters:

A

papillary

94
Q

Describe the surface textures of the following three images from left to right:

A

smooth
rough
folded

95
Q

Describe this image:

A

ill-defined, radiopacity

96
Q

Describe this image:

A

multi-locular, well-defined, radiolucency

97
Q

Describe this image:

A

well-defined, unilocular radiolucency

98
Q

Describe this image:

A

multiple, well-defined, unilocular, radiolucencies

99
Q

Describe this image:

A

Multiple vesicles

100
Q

Describe this image:

A

sessile nodule

101
Q

Describe this image:

A

pedunculated papule

102
Q

Describe this image:

A

ulcer with erythematous ring

103
Q
A

Pathology (24 decks)

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