Lecture 1 Study Guide- Intro to general & systemic pathology Flashcards
The cause of a disease process:
etiology
The mechanism of disease development:
pathogenesis
The biochemical and structural changes induced in cells and organs:
molecular & morphologic changes
The functional consequences of the morphologic changes:
clinical manifestations
Any abnormal condition that may impair bodily function, cause discomfort, social problems, death, injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, alterations of behavior, and atypical variations of structure and function:
disease
Disease may be classified as:
intrinsic or extrinsic
Any type of clinical or molecular abnormality:
lesion
Lesion that can occur due to irritation by biting cheek/tongue, a sharp tooth, etc.:
traumatic ulcer
White lesion that is irregular and thickened- often can’t find a reason for it:
leukoplakia
Tooth lesion that may be xerostomia-related:
carious lesion
Pigmented lesion, irregular in shape:
melanoma
What is the most common intraoral site for melanoma -in adults:
on the palate
Basal Cell Carcinoma & Sturge Weber Syndrome (encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis) are both considered ____ lesions
visible
- Visible lesion
- Associated with cognitive disorder
- 1st & 2nd branch of trigeminal nerve affected
Sturge Weber Syndrome (encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis)
Lesions that may be located deep within the body:
invisible lesion
Invisible lesions may be ___ lesions or ____ lesions
molecular lesions or biochemical lesions
Give two examples of invisible lesions that are located deep within the body:
- lung cancer
- breast cancer
Give three examples of lesions that are invisible due to their molecular/biochemical basis:
- Diabetes mellitus
- Schizophrenia
- Phenylketonuria (PKU) enzyme deficiency
- Invisible biochemical lesion
- Autosomal recessive disorder of phenylalanine metabolism
- Mutation = phenylalanine hydroxylase (enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine)
- Phenylalanine is toxic tot he Brian and causes profound irreversible mental retardation (cognitive disorder)
- Diagnosed by the Guthrie test (if positive remove phenylalanine from diet for life)
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
The name of the disease should give a clue to the ___ or ___ involved
cause or organ system
Disease names may change over time such as:
- moniliasis =
- cementoma=
- odontogenist keratocyst=
- calcifying odontogenic cyst=
- geographic tongue
- candidiasis
- memento-osseous dysplasia
- keratocystic odontogenic tumor
- calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor
- erythema migrans
Disease may have multiple names such as:
- Paget disease of bone =
- Geographic tongue =
- Osteitis deformans
- erythema migrans
Diseases may be identified by eponyms such as:
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis=
- Clotting Factor 9 Deficiency=
- Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst=
- Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor
- Lou Gehrig Disease
- Christmas Disease
- Gorlin Cyst
- Pindborg Tumor
Disease may be identified by acronyms such as:
- Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
- Odontogenic Keratocyst
- Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome
- Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor
- MRONJ
- OKC
- BCNS
- CEOT
What is the difference between sign vs. symptom of a disease?
sign- objective, something you see
symptom- subjective, something the pt tells you
Something the patient tells you (subjective)
symptom
Something you see (objective)
sign
A sign whose presence means that a particular disease is present beyond any doubt:
pathognomic disease
Diseases may vary in their prevalence- a rare disease with low prevalence is considered:
orphan disease
- Marfan syndrome
- Cystic fibrosis
- Treacher collins syndrome
- Sickle cell anemia
- Multiple Endocrine neoplasia II
- Peutz Jegher syndrome
- Gorlin syndrome
- Ewing sarcoma
These are all examples of:
orphan diseases
Refers the the disease state of an individual:
morbidity
Refers to the incidence (number) of illness in a population:
morbidity
Refers tot the state of being mortal or the incidence (number) of death in a population
mortality
Simultaneous presence of two or more medical conditions:
comorbidity
The identifying nature or cause of some phenomenon:
diagnosis
A prediction about how something will develop, prospect of recovery:
prognosis
Label the following as sign or symptom:
- headache
- HTN
- rash
- symptom
- sign
- sign/symtpom
Categories of disease include: (6)
- developmental
- infectious
- neoplastic
- metabolic
- immune-mediated
- reactive
Define the category of disease:
- genetic, environmental
developmental disease
Define the category of disease:
- bacteria, viruses, fungi, MMR
infectious disease
Define the category of disease:
- benign, malignant (can metastasize)
neoplastic disease
Define the category of disease:
- endocrine
metabolic disease
Define the category of disease:
- allergy, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity
immune-mediated disease
Define the category of disease:
- traumatic, physical, chemical, factitial, iatrogenic injuries
reactive disease
Cherubim is an example of a ____ disease
developmental disease
- autosomal dominant
- puffy appearance; causes expansion of jaws (maxilla)
- multiloculated and giant cell lesions- will resolve
- palatal tori
Cherubism-developmental disease
- Autosomal dominant
- Jaw osteomas- benign jaw tumors
- A familial intestinal polyposis syndrome
- Low jaw bone density is a marker of this disease
- Polyps (red bumps) can undergo transformation
Gardner Syndrome- developmental disease
Gardner syndrome is an example of a ____ disease
developmental disease
Amelogenesis Imperfecta is an example of a ___ disease
developmental disease
- autosomal dominant
- chalky white teeth due to mutation in enamel protein
- enamel flakes off the teeth
amelogenesis imperfecta
Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis is an example of a ____ disease
infectious disease
- Inflammation of the oral mucosa and gingiva caused by the herpes virus
- all of us carry this
Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis- infectious disease
- Growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma (neoplasm)
- excessive growth hormone from pituitary (usually tumor)
- mandible continues to grow, creating a prognathic appearance
- this is AFTER growth plates have fused
acromegaly- metabolic disease
Acromegaly is an example of a ____ disease
metabolic disease
- short stature
- delayed dental eruption
hypothyroidism- metabolic disease
Hypothyroidism is an example of a ____ disease
metabolic disease
A granular cell tumor is an example of a ___ disease
neoplastic disease
A squamous cell carcinoma is an example of a ____ disease
neoplastic disease
- one of the most common ulcers
- T-lymphocytes destroy mucosal surface
recurrent aphthous stomatitis (canker sore)- immune-mediated disease
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (canker sore) is an example of a _____ disease
immune-mediated disease
- Autoimmune disease affecting gingiva
- Easy separation of overlying epithelium to underlying CT with light stream of air
Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid (desquamative gingivitis)- immune-mediated disease
Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid (Desquamative Gingivitis) is an example of a ____ disease
immune-mediated
- Overgrowth of normal healing tissue
- reaction to an irritant- will go away when irritant is removed (i.e., calculus)
Pyogenic Granuloma- reactive disease
A pyogenic granuloma is an example of a ____ disease
reactive disease
- gingival overgrowth caused by the underlying systemic disease along with an infection
- can be considered both reactive or metabolic
gingival hyperplasia (due to DM)
Gingival hyperplasia is an example of a ____ disease
Both reactive or metabolic
Allows the passage of x-rays, appears black, destruction of bone:
radiolucent
Blocks the passage of x-rays. Appears white. Formation of bone or other mineralized material:
radiopaque
A small circumscribed elevated lesion usually less than 1cm in diameter, usually contains serous fluid
vesicle
Describe the lesion in this image:
vesicle
A circumscribed, elevated lesion that is around 1cm I diameter, usually contains serous fluid:
Bulla
Describe the lesion in this image:
Bulla
Various sized circumscribed elevations containing pus:
Pustule
Describe the lesion in this image:
Pustule
A segment or lobe that is part of the whole, these lobes sometimes appear fused together:
Lobule
Describe the lesion in this image:
Lobule
An area that is usually distinguished by a color from that of the surrounding tissue. It is flat and does not protrude above the surface of the normal tissue:
macule
Describe the lesion in this image:
macule
A small circumscribed lesion usually less than 1cm in diameter that is elevated or protrudes above the surface of the normal surrounding tissue:
papule
Describe the lesion in this image:
papule
A circumscribed lesion usually greater than 1cm in diameter that is elevated or protrudes above or below the surface of normal surrounding tissue:
nodule
Describe the lesion in this image:
nodule
Attached by a stem-like or stalk base (CANNOT use this term alone):
pedunculated
Describe the lesion in this image:
pedunculated lesion
Describing the base of a lesion that is flat stem-like (CANNOT use this term alone):
sessile
Describe the lesion in this image:
sessile lesion
A loss of continuity of the epithelium that penetrates to the underlying connective tissue:
ulcer
Describe the lesion in this image:
ulcer
A patch or differentiated area on a body surface:
plaque
Describe the lesion in this image:
plaque
A surface texture that can be described as wrinkled:
corrugated
A surface texture that can be described as a cleft or groove, normal otherwise, showing prominent depth:
fissure
A surface texture resembling small nipple-shaped projections or elevations found in clusters:
papillary
Describe the surface textures of the following three images from left to right:
smooth
rough
folded
Describe this image:
ill-defined, radiopacity
Describe this image:
multi-locular, well-defined, radiolucency
Describe this image:
well-defined, unilocular radiolucency
Describe this image:
multiple, well-defined, unilocular, radiolucencies
Describe this image:
Multiple vesicles
Describe this image:
sessile nodule
Describe this image:
pedunculated papule
Describe this image:
ulcer with erythematous ring
