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Pathology > Head and Neck Developmental Disorders: > Flashcards

Head and Neck Developmental Disorders: Flashcards

1
Q

One of the most common major congenital defects:

A

Orofacial clefts

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2
Q

results from disturbances in growth of face and oral cavity:

A

orofacial clefts

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3
Q

Defective fusion with the medial nasal process & maxillary process:

A

Cleft Lip

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4
Q

Cleft Lip occurs due to defective fusion of:

A

Medial nasal process and Maxillary process

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5
Q

Failure of the palatal shelves to fuse:

A

Cleft palate

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6
Q

A cleft palate occurs due to failure of fusion of the:

A

palatal shelves

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7
Q
  1. Cleft lip + Cleft Palate:
  2. Cleft palate only:
  3. Cleft lip only:
A
  1. Cleft lip + Cleft Palate: 45%
  2. Cleft palate only: 30%
  3. Cleft lip only: 25%
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8
Q

Orofacial clefts are most common in what population?

A

Native Americans and asians

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9
Q

Causes and risk factors for orofacial clefts include:

A
  1. genetic factors (syndromic)
  2. environmental factors
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10
Q

What environmental factors are associated with orofacial cleft risk?

A
  1. maternal alcohol & tobacco
  2. anti-convulsent therapy (phenytoin): 10x risk!!
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11
Q

What supplement may be prevention to orofacial clefts?

A

Folic acid

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12
Q

orofacial cleft that extends up into the nostril:

A

Complete CL

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13
Q

Orofacial cleft that does not involve the nose:

A

Incomplete CL

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14
Q

Orofacial cleft that may involve hard and soft palate:

A

CP

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15
Q

A minimal manifestation of orofacial clefts:

A

bifid uvula

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16
Q

Orofacial clefts may interfere with teeth development such as:

A
  1. hypodontia
  2. malformed teeth
  3. bony defects
  4. malocclusion
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17
Q

Treatment of orofacial clefts include:

A
  1. multidisciplinary approach
  2. surgical treatment
  3. prosthetic appliances
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18
Q

Congenital invaginations of the lower lip:

A

Paramedian lip pits

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19
Q

Paramedian lip pits inheritance pattern:

A

autosomal dominant

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20
Q

Clinical features:

  • bilateral and symmetrical fistulas on either side of midline of lower lip
  • subtle depression or prominent bulge
  • Van der Woude syndrome
A

Paramedian lip pits

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21
Q

Van De Woude Syndrome seen in Paramedian lip pits is characterized by:

A

lip pits with cleft lip and/or cleft palate

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22
Q

Most common form of syndromic cleftng:

A

Van Der Woude Syndrome

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23
Q

Treatment of Paramedian lip pits includes:

A

None (except for cosmetic reasons)

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24
Q

Ectopic sebaceous glands in oral mucosa:

A

Fordyce granules

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25
Q

Clinical features:
- multiple yellow or yellow-white papules
- common on the buccal mucosa, vermillion of upper lip, retromolar pad, tonsillar area

A

Fordyce granules

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26
Q

Treatment of fordyce granules:

A

none

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27
Q

Leukoedema is a ___ condition with an ____ cause

A

common; unknown

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28
Q

Clinical features:
- diffuse gray-white color
- folded, wrinkled mucosa
- bilateral buccal mucosa
- white appearance that disappears when mucosa is stretched

A

Leukoedema

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29
Q

Treatment for leukoedema:

A

none

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30
Q

T/F: Microglossia is a common developmental condition:

A

false- rare

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31
Q

Clinical features:
- abnormally small tongue
- may be associated with a syndrome

A

microglossia

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32
Q

Treatment of microglossia:

A
  1. depends on nature and severity
  2. surgery and orthodontics
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33
Q

Enlargement of tongue:

A

macroglossia

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34
Q

T/F: Macroglossia is primarily associated with one condition

A

False- may be caused by a variety of conditions

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35
Q

Form of macroglossia characterized by vascular malformations, lymphangioma, hemihyerplasia, and Down syndrome:

A

Congenital macroglossia

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36
Q

Form of macroglossia characterized by edentulous patients, amyloidosis, and myxedema:

A

Acquired macroglossia

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37
Q

What form of macroglossia is most common in Down syndrome individuals?

A

Congenital

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38
Q

AKA: tongue tie

A

Ankyglossia

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39
Q

Developmental anomaly of the tongue:

A

ankyloglossia

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40
Q

Clinical features:
- short thick frenum
- may result in speech defects
- breastfeeding difficulties

A

Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie)

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41
Q

Treatment for Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie):

A

Frenectomy for functional problems

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42
Q

Typically, the thyroid bud decent into:

A

Neck anterior to trachea

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43
Q

When the primitive thyroid gland does not descend normally, and ectopic thyroid tissue is found between foramen cecum and epiglottis:

A

Lingual thyroid

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44
Q

Where is ectopic thyroid tissue found in the case of “lingual thyroid”?

A

between foramen cecum & epiglottis

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45
Q

Clinical features:
- most common in females (4x) due to hormonal influences
- Ectopic gland (70%) is often only thyroid tissue
- ranges in size (small= asymptomatic) (large may = airway blockage, dysphagia, and dyspnea)
- Hypothyroidism (33%)

A

Lingual thyroid

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46
Q

Small amounts of ectopic thyroid tissue (lingual thyroid) may be ____.

Large amounts of ectopic thyroid tissue may ____ causing ____ or ____.

A

asymptomatic

block airway; dysphagia; dyspnea

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47
Q

How would you diagnose a lingual thyroid?

A

Thyroid scan

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48
Q

What would you want to avoid with diagnosis of lingual thyroid?

A

excisionial biopsy- as this may be the patients only thyroid tissue

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49
Q

Treatment of lingual thyroid:

A
  1. periodic follow up
  2. thyroid hormone replacement
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50
Q

A fissured tongue is often ____ but may also be a ____.

A

hereditary; degenerative process

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51
Q

Clinical features
- dorsal surface grooves, furrows
- 2-6 mm in depth
- usually asymptomatic
- strong association with geographic tongue

A

Fissured tongue

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52
Q

Treatment for fissured tongue includes:

A

None- encourage good oral hygeine

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53
Q

Marked elongation of filiform papillae due to keratin accumulation:

A

Hairy tongue

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54
Q

Hairy tongue is due to ____ accumulation

A

keratin

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55
Q

Risk factors for hairy include: (5)

A
  1. smoking
  2. poor oral hygiene
  3. general debilitation
  4. radiation therapy
  5. medications
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56
Q

Clinical features:
- dorsal tongue
- elongated papillae (usually brown, yellow, black)
- patients may complain of bad taste

A

Hairy tongue

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57
Q

Treatment for hairy tongue:

A
  1. eliminate predisposing factors (i.e. tobacco)
  2. oral hygiene
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58
Q

Abnormally dilated tortuous veins:

A

varicosities

59
Q

Varicosities can be described as a ___ process

A

Age-related degenerative

60
Q

Clinical features:
- sublingual varicosities (2/3 of ppl above age 60)
- Blue-purple, elevated papular blebs (ventral + lateral tongue)
- may also occur on the lips and buccal mucosa
- usually asymptomatic

A

Varicosites

61
Q

Treatment of varicosities:

A

sublingual varicosities: none

Solitary varicosities (other locations) may need excision to confirm diagnosis

62
Q

Localized bony protuberances arising from cortical plate:

A

Exostosis

63
Q

Exostosis may be related to:

A

stresses from teeth

64
Q

Clinical features
- observed in adults
- occur in the buccal and palatal regions
- may be tooth-stress related

A

exostosis

65
Q

Treatment of exostosis:

A
  1. distinctive clinically decide whether it needs treatment or not
66
Q

If a patient with a denture has exostosis what needs to occur?

A

surgical removal

67
Q

Bony hard nodule of midline suture of hard palate:

A

torus palatinus

68
Q

What sex and population is torus palatines most common in?

A

Females (2:1)
Asian + Inuit

69
Q

Treatment of torus palitinus:

A

Deciding clinically where surgical excision is necessary

70
Q

Clinical/ radiographie features:
- body hard nodule on lingual aspect of mandible
- 90% bilateral involvement
- most common in premolar region
- most common in asian and Inuit people
- RG: bony nodule superimposed on teeth

A

Torus mandibularis

71
Q

Torus mandibularus is most common in what location of the oral cavity? Most in what population?

A

premolar region- asians and inuit people

72
Q

How does torus mandibularis appear radiographically?

A

bony nodule superimposed on teeth

73
Q

Developmental defect in mandibular alveolar bone:

A

stafne defect

74
Q

The developmental defect seen in stafne defect may contain:

A

normal salivary gland tissue

75
Q

Stafne affect most commonly occurs in:

A

males (80-90%)

76
Q

Radiographic features:
- radiolucency below the mandibular canal
- lingual corticol defect
- occasionally may occur anteriorly
- well circumscribed with sclerotic border
- usually remains static over time
- asymptomatic

A

Stafne defect

77
Q

Treatment for stafne defect includes:

A

none

78
Q

Small developmental cysts on palate of newborn

A

Palatal cyst of the newborn

79
Q

Palatal cyst of the newborn may result from:

A

trapped epithelium during palatal fusion in embryogenesis

80
Q

Clinical feature:
- common (may occur in 55-85% of newborns)
- most along the midline of hard and soft palate
- appears as small white or yellow-white papule on palate
- 1-3 mm keratin filled cysts

A

Palatal cysts of the newborn

81
Q

Treatment of palatal cyst of the newborn:

A

None

82
Q

Most common developmental non-odontogenic cyst:

A

Nasopalatine duct cyst

83
Q

The nasopalatine duct cysts arises from:

A

remnants of nasopalatine duct

84
Q

Nasopalatine duct cysts are most common in the:

A

4th-6th decade of life (esp. in males)

85
Q

Clinical features:
- may exhibit swelling of anterior palate
- occasionally painful
- drainage
- 1-2.5cm in diameter

A

Nasopalatine duct cyst

86
Q

Radiographic features:
- well-circumscribed
- radiolucency near midline of anterior maxillary apical to central incisors
- may be difficult to distinguish small cyst from large incisive foramen

A

Nasopalatine duct cyst

87
Q

What may be difficult to distinguish from large incisive foramen?

A

Nasopalatine duct cyst

88
Q

Treatment of nasopalatine duct cyst:

A

surgical enucleation

89
Q

Common cyst of the skin that arises from the hair follicle:

A

epidermoid cyst of the skin

90
Q

Account for 80% of follicular cyst of the skin:

A

Epidermoid cyst of the skin

91
Q

clinical features:
- common in acne prone regions
- common areas: scalp, face, back
- Nodular fluctuant subcutaneous swelling
- Unusual before puberty unless associated with Gardner syndrome

A

Epidermoid cyst of the skin

92
Q

Epidermoid cyst of the skin is unusual before puberty unless:

A

associated with Gardner syndrome

93
Q

Treatment of Epidermoid cyst of the skin:

A

Conservative enucleation

94
Q

Developmental cystic malformation:

A

dermoid cyst

95
Q

Lined by epidermis with dermal adnexal structure within cyst wall:

A

Dermoid cyst

96
Q

Benign cystic form of a teratoma:

A

Dermoid cyst

97
Q

Developmental tumor composed of more than one germ layer (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

A

Teratoma

98
Q

Teratomas are most common in the:

A

Ovaries and testes

99
Q

Head and neck dermoid cysts are most common in ___ @ ____

A

children and young adults; midline FOM

100
Q

Describe a dermoid cyst in children and young adults:

A

soft bony mass - may produce submental swelling

101
Q

Treatment of dermoid cyst:

A

surgical excision

102
Q

Arises from thyroglossal duct remnants that normally undergo atrophy:

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

103
Q

Clinical features:
- develop from foramen cecum to suprasternal notch
- 60-80% develop adjacent to hyoid bone
- 50% of these are diagnosed by age 20
- fluctuant, moveable swelling
- usually asymptomatic

A

thyroglossal duct cyst

104
Q

Treatment for a thyroglossal duct cyst:

A

surgical excision

105
Q

Developmental cyst that develops from branchial arch remnants:

A

Branchial cleft cyst

106
Q

Clinical features:
- located in the upper lateral neck anterior or deep SCM
- Develop in young children and adults
- soft, fluctuant mass, 1-10 cm in diameter

A

Branchial cleft cyst

107
Q

Treatment of branchial cleft cyst:

A

Surgical excision

108
Q

Lesion that develops from oral lymphoid tissue:

A

Lymphoepithelial cyst

109
Q

Clinical features:
- small submucosal mass (usually less than 1cm)
- common on posterior lateral tongue, and anterior tonsillar pillar
- firm or soft to palpation
- often white or yellow: keratin in lumen
- Usually asymptomatic

A

Lymphoepithelial cyst

110
Q

Treatment of lymphoepithelial cyst:

A
  • Surgical excision should NOT occur
  • If distinctive a biopsy is NOT necessary
111
Q
A

Cleft palate

112
Q
A

Cleft lip + Cleft Palate

113
Q
A

Bifid Uvula

114
Q
A

paramedian lip pits

115
Q
A

fordyce granules

116
Q
A

Leukoedema

117
Q
A

Leukoedema

118
Q
A

Microglossia

119
Q
A

Macroglossia

120
Q
A

macroglossia

121
Q
A

Ankyloglossia (Tongue tie)

122
Q
A

Ankyloglossia (Tongue tie)

123
Q
A

lingual thyroid

124
Q
A

fissured tongue

125
Q
A

Hairy tongue

126
Q
A

Hairy tongue

127
Q

What papillae are involved in hairy tongue:

A

filiform

128
Q
A

varicosities

129
Q
A

varicosities

130
Q
A

exostoses

131
Q
A

torus mandibularis

132
Q
A

torus mandibularis

133
Q
A

stafne defect

134
Q
A

palatal cyst of newborn

135
Q
A

nasopalatine duct cyst

136
Q
A

nasopalatine duct cyst

137
Q
A

epidermoid cyst of the skin

138
Q
A

dermoid cyst

139
Q
A

dermoid cyst

140
Q
A

dermoid cyst

141
Q
A

branchial duct cyst

142
Q
A

lymphoepithelial cyst

143
Q
A

lymphoepithelial cyst

144
Q
A

lymphoepithelial cyst

Pathology (24 decks)

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