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Pathology > Immunity I > Flashcards

Immunity I Flashcards

1
Q

Protection against infections:

A

immunity

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2
Q

Collection of cells and molecules that are responsible for defending the body against pathogens:

A

immune system

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3
Q

Organism that causes disease:

A

pathogen

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4
Q

The goal if the immune system is to: (2)

A
  1. prevent foreign substances from entering the body
  2. establish immunocompetence
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5
Q

The ability of the body to produce a robust immune response following exposure to disease-producing agents

A

immunocompetence

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6
Q

Mediates the initial protection against infections:

A

innate immunity

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7
Q

Innate immunity is considered a ____ defense

A

non-specific

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8
Q

_____ is responsible for rapidly eliminating microbes that enter host tissues

A

innate immunity

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9
Q

Responsible for eliminating damaged and necrotic cells:

A

innate immunity

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10
Q

The non-specific defenses of innate immunity include: (3)

A
  1. physical barriers
  2. chemical barriers
  3. effector cells
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11
Q

The physical barriers of innate immunity include: (4)

A
  1. skin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. nasal hairs
  4. respiratory tract cilia
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12
Q

The chemical barriers of innate immunity include: (6)

A
  1. skin pH
  2. mucous secretions
  3. gastric acids
  4. tears
  5. sweat
  6. saliva
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13
Q

The effector cells of innate immunity include: (4)

A
  1. macrophages
  2. neutrophils
  3. NK cells
  4. dendritic cells
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14
Q

PAMPs:

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

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15
Q

Recognize general microbial patterns through pattern recognition receptors:

A

PAMPs

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16
Q

DAMPs:

A

Damage associated molecular patterns

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17
Q

Recognize molecules released from damaged or necrotic host cells:

A

DAMPS

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18
Q

Neutrophils are considered ____ of innate immunity

A

effector cells

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19
Q

First cell type to respond topmost infections (bacterial and fungal)

A

Neutrophils

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20
Q

Describe the lifespan of neutrophils in innate immunity:

A

short-lived

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21
Q

function to ingest and degrade dead cells, debris, tumor cells, pathogens, and foreign material through phagocytosis:

A

neutrophils

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22
Q

Neutrophils may be activated by ____ in innate immunity

A

macrophages

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23
Q

How do neutrophils degrade dead cells, debris, tumor cells, pathogens and forge in material?

A

phagocytosis

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24
Q

Dendritic cells are considered ____ of innate immunity

A

effector cells

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25
Q

Describe the structure of dendritic cells:

A

thin, membranous cytoplasmic processes

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26
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Present antigens to T-cells

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27
Q

Dendritic cells present ____ to ____

A

antigens; T-cells

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28
Q

Dendritic cells are abundant near:

A

epithelium & mucous membranes

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29
Q

Dendritic cells help to:

A

shape adaptive immune response

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30
Q

Although dendritic cells are part of the ____ immune response, they help to shape the ___ immune response

A

innate immune response; adaptive immune response

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31
Q

Dendritic cells in the epidermis are called:

A

langerhans cells

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32
Q

Macrophages are considered ____ of innate immunity

A

effector cells

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33
Q

Macrophages can survived in ____ for ___

A

extravascular tissue; long periods

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34
Q

What are the three main functions of macrophages?

A
  1. ingest and degrade dead cells, debris, tumor cells, pathogens and foreign material through phagocytosis
  2. may present antigens to T-cells
  3. release cytokines to activate other immune cells
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35
Q

What might macrophages present to T-cells?

A

antigens

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36
Q

Macrophages may activate ____ by ____

A

neutrophils; releasing cytokines

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37
Q

Describe the 6 steps of phagocytosis:

A
  1. attachment of the phagocyte to the pathogen
  2. ingestion of the pathogen
  3. formation of phagosome
  4. formation of phagolysosome
  5. destruction of pathogen and formation of residual body
  6. elimination of waste materials
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38
Q

Natural killer cells are considered ____ of innate immunity

A

effector cells

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39
Q

Capable of rapidly attacking and killing infected cells

A

natural killer cells

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40
Q

Natural killer cells induce:

A

apoptosis

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41
Q

Cell responsible for inducing apoptosis:

A

NK cells

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42
Q

NK may release ____ to ___

A

cytokines; activate other immune cells

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43
Q

What is responsible for the killing of virus infected cells?

A

NK cells

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44
Q

Collection of circling and membrane-associated proteins important to the defense to against microbes:

A

Complement system

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45
Q

Activated by antibodies that bind to microbes or other antigens —> component of adaptive immunity (humoral)

A

Classical pathway (complement system)

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46
Q

Activated when complement proteins are activated on microbial surfaces —> component of innate immunity

A

Alternate pathway (complement system)

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47
Q

Activated by mannose binding lectin binding to surface of glycoproteins on microbes —> component of innate immunity

A

Lectin pathway (complement system)

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48
Q

What activates the classical pathway of the complement system?

A

activated by antibodies that bind to microbes or other antigens

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49
Q

The classical pathway of the complement system is a component of:

A

adaptive immunity (humoral)

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50
Q

When is the alternate of the complement system activated?

A

activated when complement proteins are activated on microbial surfaces

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51
Q

The alternative pathway of the complement system is a component of:

A

innate immunity

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52
Q

What is the lectin pathway of the complement system activated by?

A

Activated by mannose binding lectin binding to the surface of glycoproteins on microbes

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53
Q

The lectin pathway of the complement system is a component of:

A

innate immunity

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54
Q

What pathways of complement are components of the innate immune system?

A

Alternative & Lectin Pathways

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55
Q

For the intimate of the complement system activation, describe what each pathway is activated by:

  1. Alternative pathway
  2. Classical pathway
  3. Lectin pathway
A
  1. microbe
  2. antibody
  3. mannose binding lectin
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56
Q

List the functions of the following complement proteins:

C3b:
C3a:
C5a:
C5b, 6,7,8,9

A

C3b: opsonization

C3a: histamine release from mast cells enhancing inflammation

C5a: histamine release and chemotaxis of neutrophils

C5b, 6,7,8,9: MAC

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57
Q

In the early steps of complement, ____ is involved in inflammation

A

C3a

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58
Q

In the early steps of complement, C3a is involved in:

A

inflammation

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59
Q

In the early steps of complement, C3b is deposited on the microbe and functions in:

A

opsonization and phagocytosis

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60
Q

In the early steps of complement ___ is deposited on the microbe and functions in opsonization and phagocytosis

A

C3b

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61
Q

In the later steps of complement, ____ is involved in inflammation

A

C5a

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62
Q

In the later steps of complement, C5a is involved in:

A

inflammation

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63
Q

In the late steps of complement, complement proteins C6-9 form:

A

MAC

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64
Q

In the later steps of complement, complement proteins C6-9 are involved in:

A

lysis of the microbe (MAC)

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65
Q

C3b coats microbes, promotes binding to phagocytes resulting in microbes being ingested and destroyed:

A

Opsonziation (coating & promoting) and phagocytosis (ingesting)

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66
Q

What complement protein functions in opsonization and phagocytosis?

A

C3b

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67
Q

C5a and C3b are chemoattractants for leukocytes and lead to the recruitment of cells to promote:

A

inflammation

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68
Q

What complement proteins function in inflammation?

A

C5a and C3b

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69
Q

What complement proteins are considered chemoattractants for leukocytes?

A

C5a and C3b

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70
Q

Complement activation concludes with the MAC leading to microbial death through the process of:

A

cell lysis

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71
Q

Complement protein activation concludes with:

A

MAC

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72
Q

The MAC of complement is responsible for:

A

microbial death

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73
Q

Soluble proteins that mediate immune and inflammatory reactions in innate immunity:

A

cytokines

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74
Q

Cytokines of innate immunity are responsible for communication between:

A

leukocytes and other cells

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75
Q

Describe the secretion of cytokines in innate immunity:

A

secreted in small amounts in response to external stimuli

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76
Q

Cytokines in innate immunity are secreted in response to:

A

external stimuli

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77
Q

Most of the cytokines in innate immunity function in ___ & ____ actions

A

autocrine & paracrine

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78
Q

The cytokines of innate immunity include: (3)

A
  1. TNF
  2. IL-1
  3. Interferon
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79
Q

In the innate immune reaction that responds to extracellular bacteria and fungi:

A

acute inflammatory response & complement

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80
Q

In the innate immune reaction, the intracellular bacteria are eliminated by:

A

phagocytosis

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81
Q

In the innate immune reaction, viruses are responded to by:

A

Type I interferon & N K Cells

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82
Q

Receptors of innate immunity include:

A
  1. Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
  2. NOD-like receptors
  3. C-type lectin receptors
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83
Q

In innate immunity, the plasma membrane and endosomal receptors that recognize LPA and viral and bacterial RNA/DNA are:

A

Toll-like receptors

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84
Q

In innate immunity, what is responsible for recognizing LPS and viral and bacterial RNA/DNA?

A

TLRs

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85
Q
  1. The plasma membrane and endosomal receptors of innate immunity:
  2. The cytosolic receptors of innate immunity:
  3. The plasma membrane receptors of innate immunity:
A
  1. TLRs
  2. NOD-like receptors
  3. C-type lectin receptors
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86
Q

NOD-like receptors of innate immunity are recognize:

A
  1. necrotic cell products
  2. ion disturbances
  3. microbial products
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87
Q

Innate immune receptors responsible for recognizing necrotic cell products, ion disturbances and microbial products:

A

NOD-like receptors

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88
Q

C-type lectin receptors recognize:

A

Fungal polysaccharides

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89
Q

Innate immune receptor responsible for recognizing fungal polysaccharides:

A

C-type lectin receptors

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90
Q

Primary lymphoid organs include:

A
  1. bone marrow
  2. thymus
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91
Q

____ cells develop in the bone marrow

A

B-cells

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92
Q

____ cells develop in the thymus

A

T-cells

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93
Q

Sites where adaptive immunity is initiated:

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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94
Q

Where do the lymphocytes have contact with antigens?

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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95
Q

What are the two things that occur in secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  1. site where adaptive immunity is initiated
  2. lymphocytes have contact with antigen
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96
Q
  • cervical lymph nodes
  • axillary lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • peyer’s patches
  • inguinal lymph nodes

These are all:

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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97
Q

Produces the cells of the immune system from stem cell precursors:

A

bone marrow

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98
Q

Bone marrow produces the cells of the ____ from ____

A

immune system; stem cell precursors

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99
Q

The soft spongy tissue in the medullary cavity of bones

A

bone marrow

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100
Q

Where is bone marrow located?

A

medullary cavity of bones

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101
Q

Lymphatic organ responsible for the maturation and specialization of white blood cells called t-lymphocytes

A

thymus

102
Q

After maturation, ____ enter the bloodstream and travel to secondary lymphatic sites

A

T-lymphocytes

103
Q

What happens to the thymus with age?

A

it involutes

104
Q

After maturation, T-lymphocytes enter the ____ and travel to ____

A

bloodstream; secondary lymphatic sites

105
Q

Where do white blood cells mature to become T-lymphocytes?

A

thymus

106
Q

The components of waldeyer’s ring include:

A
  1. pharyngeal tonsil
  2. tubal tonsil
  3. palatine tonsil
  4. lingual tonsils
107
Q

What tissue houses the most lymphocytes (top 3)

A
  1. lymph nodes
  2. spleen
  3. bone marrow and intestines (tie)
108
Q

What type of immunity is considered the bodies first line of defense?

A

Innate immunity

109
Q

Immunity that develops quickly:

A

innate immunity

110
Q

Immunity that rapidly reacts against infectious pathogens:

A

Innate immunity

111
Q

Immunity characterized by “no memory”

A

innate immunity

112
Q

Immunity categorized as “specialized immunity”

A

adaptive immunity

113
Q

Immunity that develops more slowly:

A

adaptive immunity

114
Q

Immunity that mediates an effective defense against infections:

A

adaptive immunity

115
Q

Immunity characterized by “memory” for future encounters:

A

adaptive immunity

116
Q

From 0-12 hours after contact with a microbe, ____ immunity acts:

A

innate

117
Q

From 1-3 days after contact with microbe, ____ immunity acts

A

adaptive

118
Q
  • epithelial barriers
  • phagocytes
  • dendritic cells
  • complement
  • NK cells

These are all components of:

A

Innate immunity

119
Q
  • B-lymphocytes
  • Dendritic cells
  • T-lymphocytes
  • antibodies
  • Effector T cells

These are all components of:

A

adaptive immunity

120
Q

In ____ immunity, the distribution of receptors is “non-clonal” (identical receptors on all cells of the same lineage)

A

Innate

121
Q

In ____ immunity, clones of lymphocytes with distinct specificities express different receptors (greater diversity)

A

adaptive

122
Q

In what immune system might autoimmunity arise?

A

adaptive immunity

123
Q

Recognizes diverse foreign substances:

A

adaptive immunity

124
Q

Triggered when microbes pass through epithelial barriers, recognized by lymphocytes in lymphoid organs:

A

adaptive immunity

125
Q

Substance that can induce an immune response:

A

antigen

126
Q

Antigens are involved in ____ immunity

A

adaptive

127
Q

Adaptive immunity can be divided into what two categories:

A
  1. humoral
  2. cell-mediated
128
Q

Immunity that is mediated by antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes

A

humoral immunity

129
Q

Immunity that is mediated by T-lymphocytes

A

cell-mediated immunity

130
Q

Humoral immunity is mediated by:

A

antibodies

131
Q

Proteins produced by B-cells

A

antibodies

132
Q

What cells produce antibodies?

A

B-cells

133
Q

In humoral immunity, antibodies are secreted into:

A

circulation & mucosal fluids

134
Q

The antibodies of humoral immunity function to:

A

neutralize and eliminate microbes and microbial toxins

135
Q

Prevent infections from being established:

A

antibodies

136
Q

IF WE ARE TALKING ABOUT ANTIBODIES WE ARE DISCUSSING ____ IMMUNITY WHICH IS PART OF _____ IMMUNITY

A

HUMORAL; ADAPTIVE

137
Q

Make up 10-20% of circulating peripheral lymphocyte population:

A

B-lymphocytes

138
Q

B-lymphocytes make up 10-20% of ____ peripheral lymphocyte population

A

circulating

139
Q

B-lymphocytes originate and mature in the:

A

bone marrow

140
Q

Recognize antigens through membrane bound IgM:

A

B-lymphocytes

141
Q

B-lymphocytes recognize antigens through membrane bound:

A

IgM

142
Q

Recognize many chemical structures: soluble or cell-associated proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and small chemicals:

A

B-lymphocytes

143
Q

B-lymphocytes recognize many chemical structures including: (5)

A
  1. soluble or cell-associated proteins
  2. lipids
  3. polysaccharides
  4. nucleic acids
  5. small chemicals
144
Q

What happens to B-lymphocytes after they are stimulated?

A

differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibodies

145
Q

Mature B-lymphocyte=

A

plasma cell

146
Q

What cells are responsible for secretion of antibodies?

A

Plasma cells

147
Q

lymphoid cell –> Pro-B cell –> Pre-B cell –> immature B-cell –> mature B-cell:

These changes occur in:

A

Bone marrow

148
Q

Mature B-cell –> activated B-cell –> plasma Cells & memory B cells

These changes occur in the:

A

peripheral lymphoid organs

149
Q

List the 5 antibody classes:

A
  1. IgG
  2. IgM
  3. IgA
  4. IgE
  5. IgD
150
Q

Y-shaped proteins that recognize unique markers (antigens) on pathogens:

A

antibodies or immunoglobulins

151
Q
  • Secreted into mucous, saliva, tears & colostrum
  • Tags pathogens for destruction
A

IgA

152
Q
  • B-cell receptor
  • Stimulates release of IgM
A

IgD

153
Q
  • Binds to mast cells and basophils
  • Allergy and anti-parasitic activity
A

IgE

154
Q
  • Binds to phagocytes
  • Main blood antibody for secondary responses
  • Crosses placenta
A

IgG

155
Q
  • Fixes complement
  • Main antibody of primary responses
  • B-cell receptor
  • Immune system memory
A

IgM

156
Q

Based on the structures of the antibodies, name which is which:

A
  1. IgA
    2,3,4: IgD, IgE, IgG
  2. IgM
157
Q

The most abundant antibody :

A

IgG

158
Q

Antibody found in blood and serum:

A

IgG

159
Q

Antibody responsible for efficiency opsonizing pathogens:

A

IgG

160
Q

Antibody that can cross the placenta:

A

IgG

161
Q

What are the four subclasses of IgG?

A

IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4

162
Q

Antibody that is most commonly observed in mucous membrane secretions:

A

IgA

163
Q

Antibody that forms a dimer when secreted:

A

IgA

164
Q

Antibody that is considered a “neutralizing antibody”

A

IgA

165
Q

The largest antibody:

A

IgM

166
Q

The first antibody produced in response to antigen:

A

IgM

167
Q

The most efficient antibody to activate complement:

A

IgM

168
Q

Antibody that functions against helminth infections:

A

IgE

169
Q

Antibody that mediates allergic reactions (specifically type I hypersensitivity reactions):

A

IgE

170
Q

The least common antibody:

A

IgE

171
Q

The function of this antibody is largely unknown:

A

IgD

172
Q

This antibody may play a role in B-cell activation:

A

IgD

173
Q

Antibody that is NOT secreted:

A

IgD

174
Q

Each antibody has a unique:

A

amino acid sequence

175
Q

The rearrangement and assembly of gene segments of antibodies occurs during:

A

B-cell development

176
Q

Initially, ___ & ___ are present as membrane bound antibodies

A

IgM & IgD

177
Q

What may produces antibodies of other classes?

A

B-cells

178
Q

When does antibody class switching occur?

A

after stimulated by antigen and CD4 (Helper) T-cell

179
Q

In antibody class switching, the B- cell still maintains its antigen specificity even though:

A

the heavy chain switched

180
Q

What is the purpose of antibody class switching?

A

To broaden the functional capabilities of humoral immunity

181
Q

The second exposure to antigen activates:

A

memory B-cells

182
Q

Cells generated after primary response, to respond to antigen in future:

A

memory B-cells

183
Q

Discuss the circulation of memory B-cells:

A

circulate for years after infecton

184
Q

The second exposure to an antigen activating memory B-cells is part of the:

A

secondary response

185
Q

A fraction of activated B-cells become:

A

memory B-cells

186
Q

Circulate in the blood and lymphoid organs but DO NOT actively secrete antibodies:

A

Memory B-cells

187
Q

What happens to memory B-cells upon re-exposure to an antigen?

A

rapidly differentiate into antibody producing cells

188
Q

The goal of vaccination is to:

A

stimulate protective adaptive immune responses against microbes

189
Q

The goal of vaccination is to simulate protect _____ immune responses against microbes

A

adaptive

190
Q

With vaccination, we introduce ____ forms of microbes

A

non-pathogenic

191
Q

Some types of vaccinations include: (3)

A
  1. inactivated vaccines
  2. live-attenuated vaccines
  3. mRNA vaccines
192
Q

Types of whole vaccines include:

A
  1. inactivated
  2. live-attenuated
193
Q

This type of vaccine contains copies of the virus that have been weakened:

A

Live-attentuated (whole virus vaccine)

194
Q

This type of vaccine contains copies of the virus that have been killed:

A

Inactivated vaccine (whole virus vaccine)

195
Q

Component viral vaccine that contains viral genetic material packaged inside another harmless virus that CAN copy itself:

A

Replicating Viral Vector

196
Q

Component viral vaccine that contains viral genetic material packaged inside another harmless virus that CANNOT copy itself:

A

non-replicating viral vector

197
Q

Component viral vaccine that contains viral genetic material (such as mRNA) which provides the instructions for making viral proteins:

A

DNA-based or RNA-based vaccine

198
Q

Component viral vaccine that contains viral proteins that mimic the structure of the virus, but no genetic material:

A

VLP (Virus-like Particles)

199
Q

Component viral vaccine that contains isolated and purified viral proteins:

A

Protein subunit

200
Q

antibodies are produced by a the body in response to an antigen in ____ immunity

A

active

201
Q

Active immunity (when antibodies are produced by the body in response to an antigen) can occur via:

A
  1. naturally
  2. artificially
202
Q

Describe active immunity that occurs naturally:

A

individual with infectious disease

203
Q

Describe active immunity that occurs artificially:

A

vaccination with attenuated virus or bacteria

204
Q

Active immunity provides:

A

long-term immunity via memory cells

205
Q

Active immunity provides long-term immunity via:

A

memory cells

206
Q

When antibodies are derived from another source, this is considered:

A

Passive immunity

207
Q

Describe how passive immunity can occur:

A

Maternal antibodies transferred across placenta to fetus

208
Q

When maternal antibodies are transferred across the placenta to the fetus, this creates:

A

passive immunity

209
Q

Passive immunity provides:

A

short-term immunity

210
Q

Are memory cells produced in passive immunity?

A

No

211
Q

Combats infection by intracellular microbes:

A

Cell-mediated immunity

212
Q

The predominate cell of cell-mediated immunity are:

A

T-lymphocytes

213
Q

Regarding intracellular pathogens in cell-mediated immunity, what happens to the microbes?

A

Ingestion by phagocytes

214
Q

In cell-mediated immunity, viruses are able to:

A

infect and replicate in the cytoplasm of host cells

215
Q

In the cell mediated sequence, _____ travel to lymphoid tissues and present antigen via ____

A

APCs; MHC

216
Q

In the cell mediated sequence APCs travels to ____ Nad present the antigen via MHC

A

lymphoid tissues

217
Q

In the cell mediated sequence, T-cells migrate to:

A

the site of infection

218
Q

In the cell mediated sequence, when T-cells migrate to the site of infection they:

A

Initiate response

219
Q

What cells are involved when T- cells migrate to the site of infection and initiate the response?

A

CD4 and CD8

220
Q

In the cell mediated sequence, some activated T cells ______ instead of migrating to the site of infection

A

remain in the lymph tissue

221
Q

In the cell mediated sequence, the activated T-cells that remain in lymph tissue: (2)

A
  1. help B-cells produce antibodies
  2. Become memory T-cells
222
Q

In the cell mediated sequence, the activated T- cells that become memory T-cells are ones that:

A

remain in the lymph tissues (do not travel to site of infection)

223
Q

Locus of polymorphic genes on chromosome 6:

A

MHC

224
Q

Human MHC:

A

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

225
Q

What is the function of MHC?

A

Display peptide antigens for recognition by T-lymphocytes

226
Q

What helps cells recognize between self and non-self?

A

MHC

227
Q

Where are MHC class I found?

A

On all nucleated cells

228
Q

MHC class I (found on all nucleated cells) are recognized by:

A

CD8 T cells

229
Q

Where are MHC class II found?

A

On surfaces of APCs

230
Q

MHC Class II (found on surfaces of APCs) are recognized by:

A

CD4 T-cells

231
Q

Antigen presenting cells (containing MHC class II) are:

A
  1. macrophages
  2. dendritic cells
  3. b-cells
232
Q

Become effector cells in response to antigen:

A

CD4 T-cells

233
Q

CD4 T cells are also called:

A

helper T-cells

234
Q

Recognizes MHC Class II On APCs:

A

CD4 T-cells

235
Q

What happens when CD4 T-cells recognize MHC class II on APCs?

A
  1. will release cytokines to activate other cells
  2. clonal expansion of CD4 T cells
236
Q

Defining cytokine: IFN gamma

Target cell: macrophages

Host defense: intracellular pathogens

Role in disease: autoimmunity ; chronic inflammation

A

Th1`

237
Q

What is the defining cytokine and target cell for Th1?

A

IFN gamma; macrophages

238
Q

Defining cytokine: IL-4,5,13

Target cell: eosinophils

Host defense: parasites (helminths)

Role in disease: allergy

A

Th2

239
Q

What is the defining cytokines and target cells for Th2?

A

IL4, IL5, IL13; Eosinophils

240
Q

Defining cytokine: IL-17 & IL-22

Target cell: Neutrophils

Host defense: Extracellular pathogens

Role in disease: Autoimmunity

A

Th17

241
Q

What is Th1 role in disease?

A

autoimmunity & chronic inflammation

242
Q

What are the defining cytokines and target cells of Th17?

A

IL-17 and IL-22; neutrophils

243
Q

What is Th2 role in disease?

A

allergy

244
Q

What is Th17 role in disease?

A

autoimmunity

245
Q

CD8 T-cells may also be called:

A

cytotoxic T-cells

246
Q

CD8 T cells recognize _____ on ____

A

MHC I on APCs

247
Q

Become effector cells in response to antigen:

A

CD8 T-cells

248
Q

CD8 T- cells will release ____ to ___

A

enzymes to kill infected cells

249
Q

A fraction of antigen-activated T-cells differentiate into:

A

memory cells

250
Q

The fraction of antigen-activated T-cells that differentiate into memory cells are found in:

A
  1. lymphoid organs
  2. mucosal tissue
  3. circulation
251
Q

Central memory cells (from T-cells) are involved in ____ after re-exposure

A

rapid clonal expansion

252
Q
A

Pathology (24 decks)

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