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Pathology > Cell Injury & Adaptation > Flashcards

Cell Injury & Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

Fill in the blanks

A

A: Adaptation
B: Cell injury

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2
Q

Fill in the blanks

A

A: Reversible cell injury
B: Subcellular alterations

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3
Q

Fill in the blanks

A

A: Necrosis
B: Apoptosis

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4
Q

Label A-D:

A

A: Hypertrophy
B:Hyperplasia
C: Atrophy
D: Metaplasia

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5
Q

Increase in the size of an organ without an increase in cell number

A

Hypertrophy

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6
Q

Pure hypertrophy usually occurs in only in:

A

skeletal & cardiac muscle

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7
Q

What is occurring in this image?

A

hypertrophy of cardiac muscle

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8
Q

Label each of the following stages of cardiac muscle:

A

Normal –> Early Hypertrophy –> Advanced Hypertrophy

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9
Q

What does the image on the right show compared to the cardiac muscle on the left?

A

Hypertrophy (vs. normal cardiac muscle on the left)

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10
Q

The increase in size of a tissue or organ due to an increased number of cells:

A

Hyperplasia

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11
Q
  • Erythroid bone marrow hyperplasia at altitude

This is an example of:

A

Hyperplasia that is physiologic

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12
Q
  • Epithelial hyperplasia caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV)

This is an example of:

A

Hyperplasia that is pathologic

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13
Q
  • An enlarged uterus of pregnancy, myometrial smooth muscle cells are increased not only in number but also in size
A

Hyperplasia combined with hypertrophy

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14
Q
  • Cyclic enlargement of the endometrium and breast during the menstrual cycle
A

Hyperplasia that is physiologic

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15
Q
  • Regrowth of liver parenchyma after surgical excision is compensatory
A

Hyperplasia that is physiologic

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16
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Epithelial Hyperplasia: Papilloma

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17
Q

A papilloma is an example of an:

A

epithelial hyperplasia

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18
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Endothelial Hyperplasia: Pyogenic Granuloma

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19
Q

A pyogenic granuloma is an example of:

A

endothelial hyperplasia

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20
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Fibrous Hyperplasia: Fibroma

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21
Q

A fibroma is an example of:

A

fibrous hyperplasia

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22
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Fibrous Hyperplasia: Epulis Fissuratum

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23
Q

Epulis Fissuratum is an example of:

A

fibrous hyperplasia

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24
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Epithelial & Fibrous Hyperplasia: inflammatory papillary hyperplasia

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25
Q

Inflammatory Papillary Hyperplasia is an example of:

A

Epithelial & Fibrous Hyperplasia

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26
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Osseous Hyperplasia: Sub-pontic osseous hyperplasia

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27
Q

Sub-pontic osseous hyperplasia is an example of:

A

osseous hyperplasia

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28
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Osseous Hyperplasia: Exostoses

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29
Q

Exostoses is an example of:

A

osseous hyperplasia

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30
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Hyperplasia: Gingival enlargement

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31
Q

Gingival enlargement is an example of:

A

hyperplasia

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32
Q

What can cause gingival enlargement (hyperplasia)?

A

poor oral hygiene & DM

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33
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

drug-induced gingival enlargement

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34
Q

What medications can cause drug-induced gingival enlargement?

A
  • Procardia
  • Cyclosporin
  • Dilantin
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35
Q
  • Inflammatory hyperplasia
  • Drug- induced enlargement
  • Leukemic infiltrates
  • Amyloid infiltration
  • Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome
  • Juvenile hyaline fibrzomatosis
  • Cowden syndrome
  • Wegener granulomatosis
  • Heredity gingival enlargement

These are all syndromes/diseases that can cause/be present with:

A

gingival enlargement

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36
Q

List 6 conditions that may cause or be present with gingival enlargement:

A
  1. Leukemic infiltrates
  2. Amyloid infiltration
  3. Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome
  4. Juvenile Hyaline fibromatosis
  5. Cowden syndrome
  6. Wegener granulomatosis
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37
Q

Gingival enlargement is an example of:

A

Hyperplasia

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38
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

condylar hyperplasia

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39
Q

Idiopathic unilateral growth of the mandibular condyle is an example of:

A

condylar hyperplasia

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40
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

condylar hyperplasia

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41
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

condylar hyperplasia

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42
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Hyperplastic Dental Follicle

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43
Q

What can be seen in the following image?

A

Hyperplasia of male breast- Gynecomastia

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44
Q

Gynecomastia is an example of:

A

Hyperplasia

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45
Q

The reduction in size of cells, tissues, or organs:

A

Atrophy

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46
Q

Atrophy can be ____ or ____.

A

pathologic or physiologic

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47
Q

Atrophy of skeletal muscle following denervation is an example of ____ atrophy

A

pathologic

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48
Q

Atrophy of the brain due to ischemia is an example of ___ atrophy

A

pathologic

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49
Q

Atrophy of the uterus after pregnancy is an example of ____ atrophy

A

physiologic

50
Q

Involution of the thymus in early adult life is an example of ____ atrophy

A

physiologic

51
Q

Pathologic atrophy may result from (6):

A
  1. disuse
  2. denervation
  3. lack of trophic hormones
  4. ischemia
  5. malnutrition
  6. idiopathic
52
Q

Give an example of idiopathic pathologic atrophy:

A

Parry-Romberg Syndrome

53
Q

Atherosclerotic disease is an example of:

A

atrophy of brain

54
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is an example of:

A

cerebral atrophy

55
Q

Loss of alveolar bone in edentulous patients is an example of:

A

atrophy

56
Q

Parry-Romberg Syndrome results in:

A

Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy

57
Q

The replacement of one mature cell type by another one:

A

metaplasia

58
Q

Metaplasia generally represents a change to a ___ cell type.

A

tougher

59
Q

Replacement of bronchial stratified columnar epithelium by squamous epithelium is an example of _____ that occurs in ____

A

squamous metaplasia; smokers

60
Q

_____ of the esophagus, called Barrett esophagus is caused by chronic irritation by gastric juices in gastroesophageal reflux

A

intestinal metaplasia

61
Q

Metaplasia is generally ____ and the tissue ___.

A

reversible; reverts to its normal states after the irritant is removed

62
Q

What may occur if the irritant is not removed in cases of metaplasia?

A

metaplasia may progress to dysphasia and the to frank neoplasia

63
Q

What two ways may cells respond to non-lethal injury?

A
  1. adaptive
  2. non-adaptive
64
Q

If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by hyperplasia (increase in cell number), this is an example of:

A

adaptive response

65
Q

If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by hypertrophy (an increase in cell size), this is an example of:

A

adaptive response

66
Q

If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by atrophy (reduction in cell size), this is an example of:

A

adaptive response

67
Q

If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by metaplasia (replacement of mature cell to a “tougher” cell type), this is an example of:

A

adaptive response

68
Q
  • Hyperplasia
  • Hypertrophy
  • Atrophy
  • Metaplasia

These are all examples of ___ responses to non-lethal injury

A

adaptive

69
Q
  • Agenesis
  • Aplasia
  • Hypoplasia

These are all examples of ____ responses to non-lethal injury

A

Non-adaptive

70
Q

If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by agenesis, this is an example of:

A

non-adaptive response

71
Q

If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by aplasia, this is an example of:

A

non-adaptive response

72
Q

If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by hypoplasia, this is an example of:

A

non-adaptive response

73
Q

Congenitally missing teeth are an example of:

A

agenesis

74
Q

The incomplete development of an organ:

A

Hypoplasia

75
Q

If an organ never reaches its normal size, this is an example of:

A

hypoplasia

76
Q

Regional odontodysplasia is an example of:

A

Aplasia/hypoplasia

77
Q

Abnormal formation:

A

dysplasia

78
Q

List some examples of dysplasia:

A
  1. epithelial dysplasia
  2. ectodermal dysplasia
  3. fiber-osseous dysplasia
  4. fibrous dysplasia
  5. regional odontodysplasia
  6. dentin dysplasia type 1
79
Q

List the stages in the cellular response to stress and injury:

A
  1. adaptation
  2. cell injury
  3. reversible injury
  4. irreversible injury
  5. cell death
80
Q

Fill in the blank in the following image:

A

morphological alterations

81
Q

If irreversible injury occurs, in what ways might cell death occur?

A
  1. necrosis
  2. apoptosis
82
Q

Fatty liver change is an example of a:

A

reversible change

83
Q

Necrosis and apoptosis are examples of:

A

irreversible changes

84
Q

Enzymatic digestion and leakage of cellular contents:

A

Necrosis

85
Q

Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and fragments:

A

apoptosis

86
Q

Nuclear changes that signal cell death in necrosis include:

A
  1. pyknosis
  2. karyorrhexis
  3. karyolysis
87
Q

A small, dark and shrunken nucleus that is a sign of necrosis:

A

pyknosis

88
Q

Nuclear fragmentation that is a sign of necrosis:

A

karyorrhexis

89
Q

Dissolution of the nucleus that is a sign of necrosis:

A

Karyolysis

90
Q

Label each of the following cells. What do these cells signify?

A

Top: Pyknosis
Middle: Karyorrhexis
Bottom: Karyolysis

Necrosis

91
Q

What does this image show?

A

pyknosis

92
Q

What does this image show?

A

karyorrhexis

93
Q

This amorphous area shown in the image signifies:

A

Karyolysis

94
Q

_____ tells you how cells have died:

A

cytoplasm

95
Q

The cytoplasm will tell you how cells have died by ____ necrosis or ____ necrosis

A

coagulation necrosis; liquefaction necrosis

96
Q

General tissue patterns of necrosis include:

A
  1. coagulative necrosis
  2. liquefactive necrosis
  3. caseous necrosis
  4. fat necrosis
97
Q

Type of necrosis typically seen in hypoxic injury (such as a myocardial infarct):

A

coagulative necrosis

98
Q

Type of necrosis typically seen in bacterial infections and cerebral infarct:

A

Liquefactive necrosis

99
Q

Type of necrosis in which necrotic tissue is converted into a cheesy mass (tuberculosis):

A

Caseous necrosis

100
Q

Caseous necrosis is characteristic of what disease?

A

tuberculosis

101
Q

Type of necrosis characteristically seen in acute pancreatitis:

A

fat necrosis

102
Q

Programmed cell death that occurs through activation of an internal suicide program:

A

apoptosis

103
Q

Enzyme responsible for apoptosis:

A

caspases

104
Q

Apoptosis ____ eliminates unwanted cells with ___ to the surrounding cells

A

selectively; minimal disturbance

105
Q

With apoptosis, ____ remains intact but its ____ is altered so that it becomes a target for ____.

A

plasma membrane; structure; phagocytosis

106
Q

In apoptosis, the dead cell is rapidly cleared before its contents have leaked out and therefore:

A

does not elicit an inflammatory reaction

107
Q

Apoptosis may be ____ or ____

A

physiologic or pathologic

108
Q

Programmed destruction of cells during embryogenesis is an example of ____ apoptosis

A

physiologic

109
Q

Hormone-dependent involution of tissues in the adult is an example of ____ apoptosis

A

physiologic

110
Q

Deletion of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes is an example of ____ apoptosis

A

physiologic

111
Q

Cell death induced by cytotoxic T-cells (virally infected or neoplastic cells) is an example of ____ apoptosis

A

physiologic

112
Q

When DNA repair mechanisms can’t cope with damage resulting in apoptosis, this is an example of ____ apoptosis

A

pathologic

113
Q

Cell death in certain viral infections (hepatitis) is an example of ____ apoptosis

A

pathologic

114
Q

Pathologic atrophy in organs after obstruction is an example of ____ apoptosis

A

pathologic

115
Q

Cell death in tumors is an example of ____ apoptosis

A

pathologic

116
Q

Exogenous pigments include:

A
  1. carbon (anthracosis)
  2. tattooing
117
Q

Endogenous pigments include:

A
  1. lipofuscin
  2. melanin
  3. hemosiderin (hemoglobin-derived)
  4. bilirubin
118
Q

The abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissue:

A

pathologic calcification

119
Q

What are the two categories of pathologic calcification?

A
  1. dystrophic calcification
  2. metastatic calcification
120
Q

Calcification that occurs in nonviable or dying tissues in the presence of normal serum calcium levels:

A

dystrophic calcification

121
Q

calcification that occurs in viable tissues and is associated with hypercalcemia:

A

metastatic calcification

122
Q
A

Pathology (24 decks)

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