Cell Injury & Adaptation Flashcards
1
Q
Fill in the blanks
A
A: Adaptation
B: Cell injury
2
Q
Fill in the blanks
A
A: Reversible cell injury
B: Subcellular alterations
3
Q
Fill in the blanks
A
A: Necrosis
B: Apoptosis
4
Q
Label A-D:
A
A: Hypertrophy
B:Hyperplasia
C: Atrophy
D: Metaplasia
5
Q
Increase in the size of an organ without an increase in cell number
A
Hypertrophy
6
Q
Pure hypertrophy usually occurs in only in:
A
skeletal & cardiac muscle
7
Q
What is occurring in this image?
A
hypertrophy of cardiac muscle
8
Q
Label each of the following stages of cardiac muscle:
A
Normal –> Early Hypertrophy –> Advanced Hypertrophy
9
Q
What does the image on the right show compared to the cardiac muscle on the left?
A
Hypertrophy (vs. normal cardiac muscle on the left)
10
Q
The increase in size of a tissue or organ due to an increased number of cells:
A
Hyperplasia
11
Q
- Erythroid bone marrow hyperplasia at altitude
This is an example of:
A
Hyperplasia that is physiologic
12
Q
- Epithelial hyperplasia caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV)
This is an example of:
A
Hyperplasia that is pathologic
13
Q
- An enlarged uterus of pregnancy, myometrial smooth muscle cells are increased not only in number but also in size
A
Hyperplasia combined with hypertrophy
14
Q
- Cyclic enlargement of the endometrium and breast during the menstrual cycle
A
Hyperplasia that is physiologic
15
Q
- Regrowth of liver parenchyma after surgical excision is compensatory
A
Hyperplasia that is physiologic
16
Q
What can be seen in the following image?
A
Epithelial Hyperplasia: Papilloma
17
Q
A papilloma is an example of an:
A
epithelial hyperplasia
18
Q
What can be seen in the following image?
A
Endothelial Hyperplasia: Pyogenic Granuloma
19
Q
A pyogenic granuloma is an example of:
A
endothelial hyperplasia
20
Q
What can be seen in the following image?
A
Fibrous Hyperplasia: Fibroma
21
Q
A fibroma is an example of:
A
fibrous hyperplasia
22
Q
What can be seen in the following image?
A
Fibrous Hyperplasia: Epulis Fissuratum
23
Q
Epulis Fissuratum is an example of:
A
fibrous hyperplasia
24
Q
What can be seen in the following image?
A
Epithelial & Fibrous Hyperplasia: inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
25
Inflammatory Papillary Hyperplasia is an example of:
Epithelial & Fibrous Hyperplasia
26
What can be seen in the following image?
Osseous Hyperplasia: Sub-pontic osseous hyperplasia
27
Sub-pontic osseous hyperplasia is an example of:
osseous hyperplasia
28
What can be seen in the following image?
Osseous Hyperplasia: Exostoses
29
Exostoses is an example of:
osseous hyperplasia
30
What can be seen in the following image?
Hyperplasia: Gingival enlargement
31
Gingival enlargement is an example of:
hyperplasia
32
What can cause gingival enlargement (hyperplasia)?
poor oral hygiene & DM
33
What can be seen in the following image?
drug-induced gingival enlargement
34
What medications can cause drug-induced gingival enlargement?
- Procardia
- Cyclosporin
- Dilantin
35
- Inflammatory hyperplasia
- Drug- induced enlargement
- Leukemic infiltrates
- Amyloid infiltration
- Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome
- Juvenile hyaline fibrzomatosis
- Cowden syndrome
- Wegener granulomatosis
- Heredity gingival enlargement
These are all syndromes/diseases that can cause/be present with:
gingival enlargement
36
List 6 conditions that may cause or be present with gingival enlargement:
1. Leukemic infiltrates
2. Amyloid infiltration
3. Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome
4. Juvenile Hyaline fibromatosis
5. Cowden syndrome
6. Wegener granulomatosis
37
Gingival enlargement is an example of:
Hyperplasia
38
What can be seen in the following image?
condylar hyperplasia
39
Idiopathic unilateral growth of the mandibular condyle is an example of:
condylar hyperplasia
40
What can be seen in the following image?
condylar hyperplasia
41
What can be seen in the following image?
condylar hyperplasia
42
What can be seen in the following image?
Hyperplastic Dental Follicle
43
What can be seen in the following image?
Hyperplasia of male breast- Gynecomastia
44
Gynecomastia is an example of:
Hyperplasia
45
The reduction in size of cells, tissues, or organs:
Atrophy
46
Atrophy can be ____ or ____.
pathologic or physiologic
47
Atrophy of skeletal muscle following denervation is an example of ____ atrophy
pathologic
48
Atrophy of the brain due to ischemia is an example of ___ atrophy
pathologic
49
Atrophy of the uterus after pregnancy is an example of ____ atrophy
physiologic
50
Involution of the thymus in early adult life is an example of ____ atrophy
physiologic
51
Pathologic atrophy may result from (6):
1. disuse
2. denervation
3. lack of trophic hormones
4. ischemia
5. malnutrition
6. idiopathic
52
Give an example of idiopathic pathologic atrophy:
Parry-Romberg Syndrome
53
Atherosclerotic disease is an example of:
atrophy of brain
54
Alzheimer's disease is an example of:
cerebral atrophy
55
Loss of alveolar bone in edentulous patients is an example of:
atrophy
56
Parry-Romberg Syndrome results in:
Progressive Hemifacial Atrophy
57
The replacement of one mature cell type by another one:
metaplasia
58
Metaplasia generally represents a change to a ___ cell type.
tougher
59
Replacement of bronchial stratified columnar epithelium by squamous epithelium is an example of _____ that occurs in ____
squamous metaplasia; smokers
60
_____ of the esophagus, called Barrett esophagus is caused by chronic irritation by gastric juices in gastroesophageal reflux
intestinal metaplasia
61
Metaplasia is generally ____ and the tissue ___.
reversible; reverts to its normal states after the irritant is removed
62
What may occur if the irritant is not removed in cases of metaplasia?
metaplasia may progress to dysphasia and the to frank neoplasia
63
What two ways may cells respond to non-lethal injury?
1. adaptive
2. non-adaptive
64
If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by hyperplasia (increase in cell number), this is an example of:
adaptive response
65
If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by hypertrophy (an increase in cell size), this is an example of:
adaptive response
66
If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by atrophy (reduction in cell size), this is an example of:
adaptive response
67
If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by metaplasia (replacement of mature cell to a "tougher" cell type), this is an example of:
adaptive response
68
- Hyperplasia
- Hypertrophy
- Atrophy
- Metaplasia
These are all examples of ___ responses to non-lethal injury
adaptive
69
- Agenesis
- Aplasia
- Hypoplasia
These are all examples of ____ responses to non-lethal injury
Non-adaptive
70
If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by agenesis, this is an example of:
non-adaptive response
71
If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by aplasia, this is an example of:
non-adaptive response
72
If the cell responds to non-lethal injury by hypoplasia, this is an example of:
non-adaptive response
73
Congenitally missing teeth are an example of:
agenesis
74
The incomplete development of an organ:
Hypoplasia
75
If an organ never reaches its normal size, this is an example of:
hypoplasia
76
Regional odontodysplasia is an example of:
Aplasia/hypoplasia
77
Abnormal formation:
dysplasia
78
List some examples of dysplasia:
1. epithelial dysplasia
2. ectodermal dysplasia
3. fiber-osseous dysplasia
4. fibrous dysplasia
5. regional odontodysplasia
6. dentin dysplasia type 1
79
List the stages in the cellular response to stress and injury:
1. adaptation
2. cell injury
3. reversible injury
4. irreversible injury
5. cell death
80
Fill in the blank in the following image:
morphological alterations
81
If irreversible injury occurs, in what ways might cell death occur?
1. necrosis
2. apoptosis
82
Fatty liver change is an example of a:
reversible change
83
Necrosis and apoptosis are examples of:
irreversible changes
84
Enzymatic digestion and leakage of cellular contents:
Necrosis
85
Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and fragments:
apoptosis
86
Nuclear changes that signal cell death in necrosis include:
1. pyknosis
2. karyorrhexis
3. karyolysis
87
A small, dark and shrunken nucleus that is a sign of necrosis:
pyknosis
88
Nuclear fragmentation that is a sign of necrosis:
karyorrhexis
89
Dissolution of the nucleus that is a sign of necrosis:
Karyolysis
90
Label each of the following cells. What do these cells signify?
Top: Pyknosis
Middle: Karyorrhexis
Bottom: Karyolysis
Necrosis
91
What does this image show?
pyknosis
92
What does this image show?
karyorrhexis
93
This amorphous area shown in the image signifies:
Karyolysis
94
_____ tells you how cells have died:
cytoplasm
95
The cytoplasm will tell you how cells have died by ____ necrosis or ____ necrosis
coagulation necrosis; liquefaction necrosis
96
General tissue patterns of necrosis include:
1. coagulative necrosis
2. liquefactive necrosis
3. caseous necrosis
4. fat necrosis
97
Type of necrosis typically seen in hypoxic injury (such as a myocardial infarct):
coagulative necrosis
98
Type of necrosis typically seen in bacterial infections and cerebral infarct:
Liquefactive necrosis
99
Type of necrosis in which necrotic tissue is converted into a cheesy mass (tuberculosis):
Caseous necrosis
100
Caseous necrosis is characteristic of what disease?
tuberculosis
101
Type of necrosis characteristically seen in acute pancreatitis:
fat necrosis
102
Programmed cell death that occurs through activation of an internal suicide program:
apoptosis
103
Enzyme responsible for apoptosis:
caspases
104
Apoptosis ____ eliminates unwanted cells with ___ to the surrounding cells
selectively; minimal disturbance
105
With apoptosis, ____ remains intact but its ____ is altered so that it becomes a target for ____.
plasma membrane; structure; phagocytosis
106
In apoptosis, the dead cell is rapidly cleared before its contents have leaked out and therefore:
does not elicit an inflammatory reaction
107
Apoptosis may be ____ or ____
physiologic or pathologic
108
Programmed destruction of cells during embryogenesis is an example of ____ apoptosis
physiologic
109
Hormone-dependent involution of tissues in the adult is an example of ____ apoptosis
physiologic
110
Deletion of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes is an example of ____ apoptosis
physiologic
111
Cell death induced by cytotoxic T-cells (virally infected or neoplastic cells) is an example of ____ apoptosis
physiologic
112
When DNA repair mechanisms can't cope with damage resulting in apoptosis, this is an example of ____ apoptosis
pathologic
113
Cell death in certain viral infections (hepatitis) is an example of ____ apoptosis
pathologic
114
Pathologic atrophy in organs after obstruction is an example of ____ apoptosis
pathologic
115
Cell death in tumors is an example of ____ apoptosis
pathologic
116
Exogenous pigments include:
1. carbon (anthracosis)
2. tattooing
117
Endogenous pigments include:
1. lipofuscin
2. melanin
3. hemosiderin (hemoglobin-derived)
4. bilirubin
118
The abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissue:
pathologic calcification
119
What are the two categories of pathologic calcification?
1. dystrophic calcification
2. metastatic calcification
120
Calcification that occurs in nonviable or dying tissues in the presence of normal serum calcium levels:
dystrophic calcification
121
calcification that occurs in viable tissues and is associated with hypercalcemia:
metastatic calcification
122
