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Pathology > Inflammation & Repair > Flashcards

Inflammation & Repair Flashcards

1
Q

Nomenclature of Inflammatory diseases include:

A

Name of the organ or tissue + “itis” = inflammation in that organ or tissue

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2
Q

Inflammation of the tonsils:

A

Tonsilitis

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3
Q

Diagnose this image:

A

Tonsilitis

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4
Q

Inflammation of the appendix:

A

Appendicitis

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5
Q

Diagnose this image:

A

Appendicitis

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6
Q

Inflammation of the peritoneum:

A

Peritonitis

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7
Q

Diagnose this image:

A

peritonitis

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8
Q

Inflammation of the lymph node:

A

lymphadenitis

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9
Q

Means the lymph node is enlarged due to being inflamed:

A

lymphadenitis

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10
Q

Diagnose this image:

A

Lymphadenitis

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11
Q

Some of the following organs do not follow the typical nomenclature for inflammation- define the correct term for inflammation of the following organs:

  1. Fallopian tube
  2. Cornea
  3. Glans Penis
  4. Bladder
A
  1. salpingitis
  2. keratitis
  3. balanitis (Reiter’s syndrome)
  4. Cystitis
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12
Q

What are some terms to classify inflammation: (3)

A
  1. acute or chronic inflammation
  2. exudative or non-exudative inflammation
  3. Morphologic patterns (serous, fibrinous, suppurative, ulcerative)
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13
Q

What are the morphologic patterns that can be used to describe inflammation? (4)

A
  1. serous
  2. fibrinous
  3. suppurative
  4. ulcerative
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14
Q

What type of inflammation is being described?

  • rapid onset, short duration (minutes to days)
  • emigration of leukocytes, predominately neutrophils
  • exudation of fluid and plasma proteins
A

Acute inflammation

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15
Q

Describe the onset & duration of acute inflammation:

A

rapid onset, short duration (minutes to days)

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16
Q

Describe the cells involved in acute inflammation:

A

emigration of leukocytes, predominately neutrophils

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17
Q

Describe the exudate patterns of acute inflammation:

A

exudation of fluid and plasma proteins

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18
Q

The following image represents acute inflammation, what cells are indicative of this?

A

leukocytes, primarily neutrophils

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19
Q

What type of inflammation is being described?

  • Longer duration
  • Mononuclear cells- macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells
  • Proliferation of blood vessels and fibroblasts
A

Chronic inflammaton

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20
Q

Describe the duration of chronic inflammation:

A

longer duration

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21
Q

What cells are present in chronic inflammation?

A

Mononuclear cells- macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells

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22
Q

Chronic inflammation is characterized by mononuclear cells such as:

A

macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells

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23
Q

“proliferation of blood vessels and fibroblasts” describes what type of inflammation?

A

chronic

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24
Q

“exudation of fluid and plasma proteins” describes what type of inflammation?

A

acute

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25
Q

What type of cells are present in this image of chronic inflammation?

A

mononuclear cells: macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells

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26
Q

What cells are shown in this image? What type of inflammation is characterized by this cell type?

A

neutrophils; acute inflammation

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27
Q

What cells are shown in this image? What type of inflammation is characterized by this cell type?

A

neutrophils; acute inflammation

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28
Q

What cells are shown in this image? What type of inflammation is characterized by this cell type?

A

plasma cells; chronic inflammation

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29
Q

How is acute vs. chronic inflammation determined by a pathologist?

A

Based on cell types present

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30
Q

How is acute vs. chronic inflammation determined by a clinician?

A

based on intensity and duration

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31
Q

What cells are shown in this image? What type of inflammation is characterized by this cell type?

A

neutrophils; acute inflammation

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32
Q

What cells are shown in this image? What type of inflammation is characterized by this cell type?

A

plasma cells; chronic inflammation

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33
Q

What cells are shown in this image? What type of inflammation is characterized by this cell type?

A

macrophages; chronic inflammation

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34
Q

What cells are shown in this image? What type of inflammation is characterized by this cell type?

A

lymphocytes; chronic inflammation

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35
Q

If a cell under the microscope has a nucleus that appears to be pushed off to the side, this is probably a:

A

plasma cell

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36
Q

If a cell under the microscope appears to be darkly staining, small, and have little cytoplasm, this is probably a:

A

lymphocyte

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37
Q

inflammation accompanied by the production of fluid:

A

exudative inflammaton

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38
Q

Inflammation accompanied by no production of fluid:

A

non-exudative

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39
Q

____ inflammation tends to be more exudative

A

acute inflammation

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40
Q

The following image shows what type of inflammation?

A

exudative inflammation

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41
Q

____ inflammation is frequently non-exudative and is often associated with fibrosis and scarring

A

non-exudative inflammation

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42
Q

What type of inflammation is associated with fibrosis and scarring (such as that seen in this image)

A

Chronic inflammation

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43
Q

The body’s response to injury:

A

inflammation

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44
Q

Inflammation may be due to what type of injuries? (5)

A
  1. thermal
  2. physical
  3. chemical
  4. allergic
  5. immune-mediated disease
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45
Q

Comes into play when inflammation is caused by a living organism (infection)

A

immunity

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46
Q

____ may provoke inflammation AND immunity

A

infection

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47
Q

____ may exist without infection

A

inflammation

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48
Q

____ DOES NOT imply infection

A

Inflammation

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49
Q

Hypersensitivity (allergic disease) may cause:

A

inflammation

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50
Q

The following image shows inflammation that may be caused by:

A

Hypersensitivity reaction

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51
Q

Autoimmune disease may cause:

A

inflammation

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52
Q

The body’s 3 lines of defense include:

A
  1. barriers
  2. inflammatory response
  3. immune response
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53
Q

The body’s barrier defense includes: (3)

A
  1. skin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. secretions
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54
Q

The body’s inflammatory response includes: (2)

A
  1. cells (leukocytes)
  2. molecules (mediators)
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55
Q

The body’s immune response includes: (2)

A
  1. antibodies (humoral)
  2. cytotoxic T-cells (cellular)
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56
Q
  • skin
  • mucous membranes
  • secretions

These are all:

A

barriers

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57
Q
  • cells (leukocytes)
  • molecules (mediators)

These are both:

A

inflammatory responses

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58
Q
  • antibodies (humoral)
  • cytotoxic T-cells (cellular)

These are both:

A

immune responses

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59
Q

The body’s first and second line of defense are considered:

A

non-specific

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60
Q

The body’s 1st line of defense includes: (3)

A
  1. skin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. chemicals
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61
Q

The body’s 2nd line of defense includes: (5)

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. complement
  3. interferon
  4. inflammation
  5. fever
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62
Q

The body’s 3rd line of defense is considered:

A

specific

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63
Q

The body’s 3rd line of defense includes: (2)

A
  1. lymphocytes
  2. antibodies
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64
Q

Components of inflammatory responses include: (3)

A
  1. circulating blood cells and plasma proteins
  2. cells of the blood vessel walls
  3. cells and proteins of the ECM
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65
Q

Inflammation is the body’s response to:

A

injury

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66
Q

Most defense elements are located in the:

A

blood

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67
Q

Inflammation is the means by which ___ and ___ leave the ___ and enter the ____.

A

defensive cells; chemicals; blood; tissue

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68
Q

Inflammation is a complex reaction to injury as in includes: (4)

A
  1. vascular responses
  2. cellular responses
  3. systemic reaction
  4. repari
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69
Q

Inflammation is ____ unless excessive or prolonged which may be ___.

A

beneficial; harmful

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70
Q

When might inflammation transition to harmful?

A

when excessive or prolonged

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71
Q

The inflammatory response delivers:

A

defensive materials

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72
Q

Defensive cells:

A

leukocytes

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73
Q

Defensive proteins:

A

plasma

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74
Q

The inflammatory response 5 R’s:

A
  1. recognition of the injurious agent
  2. recruitment of leukocytes
  3. removal of the agent
  4. regulation (control) of the response
  5. resolution (repair)
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75
Q
  • Mechanical injury
  • Chemical injury
  • Radiation injury
  • Thermal injury
  • Infection
  • Compromise of blood supply
  • Immune injury

These are all causes of:

A

acute inflammation

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76
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation include: (5)

A
  1. Calor
  2. Rubor
  3. Tumor
  4. Dolor
  5. Functio laesa
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77
Q
  1. calor
  2. rubor
  3. tumor
  4. dolor
  5. functio lasesa:
A
  1. heat
  2. red
  3. swelling
  4. pain
  5. loss of function
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78
Q

All that is ____ is not inflamed

A

Red (rubor)

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79
Q

Cellular events in acute inflammation include: (7)

A
  1. margination
  2. rolling
  3. adhesion
  4. diapedesis
  5. chemotaxis
  6. phagocytosis
  7. killing
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80
Q

What type of cell is involved in the cellular events in acute inflammation?

A

neutrophils

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81
Q

During margination, the neutrophil stars to lines up along:

A

endothelial cells lining the blood vessel

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82
Q

This image is showing events in:

A

vascular response of acute inflammation

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83
Q

Microbial killing by leukocytes involves: (3)

A
  1. opsonization
  2. phagocytosis
  3. lysosomal enzymes
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84
Q

What cells are involved in microbial killing?

A

leukocytes

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85
Q

Systemic manifestations of acute inflammation include:

A
  1. fever
  2. leukocytosis
  3. acute phase response
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86
Q

The systemic manifestations of acute inflammation includes fever which is due to:

A

pyrogens

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87
Q

The systemic manifestations of acute inflammation includes fever which is due to pyrogens which are:

A

cytokines and prostaglandins

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88
Q

TNF and IL-1 released by leukocytes are examples of:

A

cytokines

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89
Q

Prostaglandins that cause fever in acute inflammation come from:

A

membrane phospholipids

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90
Q

Elevated WBC count:

A

leukocytosis

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91
Q

An increase in WBC count which can mimic leukemia:

A

leukelmoid reaction

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92
Q

A higher neutrophil count in the blood than normal (left shift):

A

neutrophilia

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93
Q

An increase in white blood cells (specifically leukocytes):

A

lymphocytosis

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94
Q

Leukemoid reaction, neutrophilic and lymphocytosis are all characteristic of:

A

leukocytosis (systemic manifestation of acute inflammation)

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95
Q

When cytokines stimulate hepatocytes to synthesize and secrete acute phase proteins this is considered:

A

acute phase response (of systemic manifestations of acute inflammation)

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96
Q

In the acute phase response of systemic manifestations of acute inflammation, ____ & ____ act as opsonins

A

C-reactive protein (CRP); Mannose-binding lectin

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97
Q

Lymphatic spread of bacterial infection:

A

Lymphangitis

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98
Q

Lymphangitis may present as:

A

painful red streaks and regional lymphadenopathy

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99
Q

Diagnose the image:

A

Lymphangitis

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100
Q

Chemical mediator of inflammation stored primarily in mast cells:

A

histamines

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101
Q

Chemical mediator of inflammation stored primarily in platelets:

A

serotonin

102
Q

Histamine and serotonin are both:

A

vasoactive amines

103
Q

Unlike most other mediators, histamine and serotonin are:

A

available preformed supplies

104
Q

Histamine is stored in:

A

granules of mast cells

105
Q

Serotonin is stored in:

A

granules of platelets

106
Q

The first mediators to be released after injury are:

A

histamine and serotonin

107
Q

What is the result of histamine and serotonin release?

A

vascular dilation and leakage (helps neutrophils to squeeze out of blood vessels)

108
Q

All acute inflammatory reactions may have one of three outcomes including:

A
  1. complete resolution
  2. healing by connective tissue replacement (fibrosis)
  3. Progression of the response to chronic inflammation
109
Q
  • infarction
  • bacterial infections
  • toxins
  • trauma

These are all involved in:

A

injury that leads to ACUTE inflammation

110
Q

Injury leads to:

A

acute inflammation or chronic inflammation

111
Q
  • vascular changes
  • neutrophil recruitment
  • mediators

These are all components of:

A

acute inflammation

112
Q

If acute inflammation progresses, it can lead to:

A

chronic inflammation

113
Q

If acute inflammation follows the healing pathway, it may lead to:

A

resolution or fibrosis

114
Q

Following acute inflammation,
- clearance of injurious stimuli
- clearance of mediators and acute inflammatory cells
- replacement of injured cells
- normal function

These are all components of:

A

resolution

115
Q

If acute inflammation is followed by pus formation, this is considered an:

A

abscess

116
Q

If an abscess following acute inflammation heals, it may result in:

A

fibrosis

117
Q

What is issue regarding acute or chronic inflammation healing leading to fibrosis?

A

loss of funtionc

118
Q
  • viral infections
  • chronic infections
  • persistent injury
  • autoimmune diseases

These are all injuries that can result in:

A

chronic inflammation

119
Q
  • angiogenesis
  • mononuclear cell infiltration
  • fibrosis (scar)

These are characteristic of:

A

chronic inflammation

120
Q

Inflammation characterized by a watery exudate (most often seen in little blisters):

A

serous inflammation

121
Q

What type of inflammation is seen?

A

serous inflammation

122
Q

What type of inflammation is seen?

A

serous inflammation

123
Q

Fibrinous pericarditis in rheumatic fever is an example of:

A

fibrinous inflammation

124
Q

Inflammation characterized by the formation of pus:

A

suppurative (purulent) inflammation

125
Q

What type of inflammation is seen?

A

suppurative (purulent) inflammation

126
Q

What type of inflammation is seen?

A

fibrinous inflammation

127
Q

What type of inflammation is seen?

A

suppurative (purulent) inflammation

128
Q

What type of inflammation is seen?

A

suppurative (purulent) inflammation

129
Q

A localized collection of pus that has accumulated in a tissue cavity, producing fluctuance:

A

Abscess

130
Q

Diffuse spread of an acute inflammatory process through the fascial planes of soft tissue producing erythema, edema, warmth, and pain without consolidation:

A

Cellulitis

131
Q

A clinical type of exudative inflammation, occurs only on mucosal surfaces containing mucus-secreting cells, such as nasal or bronchial mucosa:

A

catarrhal (seromucous) inflammation

132
Q

Catarrhal inflammation, a clinical type of ___ inflammation occurs only on ___ surfaces containing ____ cells.

A

exudative; mucosal; mucus-secreting cells

133
Q

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is an example of:

A

ulcerative inflammation

134
Q

A defect in epithelial continuity:

A

ulcer

135
Q

What can be seen in the following microscope image?

A

a defect in the epithelial continuity (ulcer)

136
Q

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) is an example of:

A

defect in neutrophil function

137
Q

Lazy leukocyte syndrome is an example of:

A

defect in neutrophil function

138
Q

Lazy leukocyte syndrome results in impaired ___ due to mutations of ___

A

chemotaxis; contractile proteins

139
Q

A rare autosomal recessive condition associated albinism:

A

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

140
Q

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome is characterized by:

  1. Giant ___ from fused ____
  2. Both ____ & ____ formation are defective
  3. Recurrent ___
  4. ___ is abnormal
A
  1. lysosomal inclusions; primary granules
  2. chemotaxis and phagolysosome formation
  3. infections
  4. platelet function
141
Q
  • A rare autosomal recessive condition associated with albinism
  • Giant lysosomal inclusions from fused primary granules
    -Both chemotaxis and phagolysosome formation are defective
  • Recurrent infections
  • Platelet function is abnormal
A

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

142
Q
  • X-linked (2/3) or autosomal (1/3) recessive
  • Deficient NADPH oxidase in the cell membranes of neutrophils and monocytes, resulting in an absent respiratory burst
  • No H2O2 produced- HOCl- is not synthesized because of the abscence of H2O2
  • Catalase-negative organisms (strep species) are killed
  • Catalase-positive organisms (staph aureus) are NOT killed
A

Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood

143
Q

Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood:

Describe the inheritance of this disease

A

2/3 x-linked recessive & 1/3 autosomal recessive

144
Q

What is deficient in the cell membranes of neutrophils and monocytes and what does this result in Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood ?

A

Deficient: NADPH which results in absent respiratory burst

145
Q

What is not produced in Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood? Because this is not produced, what else is not synthesized?

A

H2O2; HOCl-

146
Q

Chronic Granulomatous Disease of Childhood - What organisms are killed? What organisms are NOT killed?

A

Killed: catalase negative organisms (strep species)

NOT killed: catalase positive organisms (staph aureus)

147
Q
  • A common (1:2,000 individuals) autosomal recessive absence of myeloperoxidase enzyme in neutrophil and monocyte granules
  • Respiratory burst is normal and H2O2 IS produced
  • Absence of MPO prevents synthesis of HOCl-
  • No create clinical consequences in most people
  • Diabetics may develop candidiasis
A

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) deficiency

148
Q

How does this disease effect neutrophils?

Agrunulocytosis:

A

too few neutrophils

149
Q

How does this disease effect neutrophils?

Cyclic Neutropenia

A

too few neutrophils

150
Q

How does this disease effect neutrophils?

Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)

A

Failure in adhesion

151
Q

How does this disease effect neutrophils?

“Lazy” leukocyte syndrome:

A

Slow chemotaxis

152
Q

How does this disease effect neutrophils?

Bruton Agammaglobulinemia:

A

Failure to phagocytose

153
Q

How does this disease effect neutrophils?

Complement Deficiency:

A

Failure to phagocytose

154
Q

How does this disease effect neutrophils?

Chronic granulomatous disease of childhood:

A

Failure to kill

155
Q

How does this disease effect neutrophils?

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome:

A

Failure to kill

156
Q

How does this disease effect neutrophils?

Myeloperoxidase Deficiency:

A

Failure to kill

157
Q

List the causes of chronic inflammation: (8)

A
  1. persistent infection
  2. prolonged exposure to toxic agents
  3. exogneous
  4. endogenous
  5. immune-mediated inflammatory disease
  6. autoimmune diseases
  7. unregulated immune responses against microbes
  8. immune responses against environmental substances
158
Q

Give an example of persistent infection that may cause chronic inflammation:

A

mycobacteria

159
Q

Prolonged exposure to ___ & ___ toxic agents may lead to chronic inflammation

A

exogenous & endogenous

160
Q

Give an example of an endogenous agent in which prolonged exposure may lead to chronic inflammation:

A

atherosclerosis

161
Q

Give an example of an exogenous agent in which prolonged exposure may lead to chronic inflammation

A

silicosis

162
Q

Give an example of an autoimmune disease that may cause chronic inflammation:

A

rheumatoid arthritis

163
Q

Unregulated immune responses against microbes such as ___ may lead to chronic inflammation

A

inflammatory bowel disease

164
Q

Immune responses against environmental substances such as ____ may lead to chronic inflammation

A

bronchial asthma

165
Q

What are the morphologic features of chronic inflammation? (3)

A
  1. mononuclear cell infiltration
  2. tissue destruction
  3. connective tissue replacement
166
Q

Mononuclear cell inflammation is a morphologic feature of chronic inflammation. What cells are associated with this?

A
  1. lymphocytes
  2. plasma cells
  3. macrophages
167
Q

Why is tissue destruction a morphologic feature of chronic inflammation?

A

due to a persistant offending agents or by the inflammatory cells

168
Q

Healing via connective tissue replacement is a morphologic feature of chronic inflammation. What processes does this include?

A

angiogenesis & fibrosis

169
Q

Why is this image indicative of chronic inflammation? Label key cells:

A

Contains plasma cells, lymphocytes and macrophages

170
Q

Label the following cells:

A

A) lymphocyte
B) macrophage
C) plasma cell
D) neutrophil
E) macrophage

171
Q

Granulomatous inflammation is a specific pattern of:

A

chronic inflammation

172
Q

What are two examples of granulomatous inflammation?

A
  1. immune granulomas
  2. foreign body granulomas
173
Q
  • Aggregates of epithelium macrophages (activated)
  • Multinucleated giant cells
  • Mononuclear leukocytes, principally lymphocytes and occasionally plasma cells peripherally

These are all characteristic of:

A

granulomatous inflammation

174
Q

There is a ___ variable in granulomatous inflammation

A

fibrosis

175
Q

Label the cells in the following image. What condition do these cells indicate?

A

A) Langhans Giant Cell
B) Foreign Body Giant Cell

Granulomatous inflammation

176
Q

The two classifications of granulomas include:

A
  1. immune granulomas
  2. foreign body granulomas
177
Q

Coccidioides immitis is an example of:

A

immune granuloma

178
Q

Caseation necrosis in tuberculosis is an example of:

A

necrotizing granulomatous inflammation

179
Q

This image shows:

A

caseation necrosis in tuberculosis

180
Q

An intracellular pathogen that blocks fusion of phagosome with lysosome:

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

181
Q

These images show:

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

182
Q

This image shows:

A

Acid Fast Bacilli

183
Q

A pyogenic granuloma is an example of ____ NOT ____

A

granulation tissue; granulomatous tissue

184
Q

Restoration of tissue architecture and function after an injury:

A

repair

185
Q

Repair may occur by:

A

regeneration or by healing (scar formation)

186
Q

Growth of cells and tissues to replace lost structures:

A

regeneration

187
Q

Healing consists of variable proportions of two distinct processes:

A
  1. regeneration
  2. scarring
188
Q

The tissues involved in regeneration include:

A
  1. continuously dividing
  2. stable tissues
  3. permanent tissues
189
Q

The “continuously dividing tissues” involved in regenerations are classified as:

A

labile

190
Q

The “stable tissues” involved in regeneration are classified as:

A

quiescent

191
Q

The “permanent tissues” involved in regeneration are classified as:

A

non-dividing

192
Q

The labile cells of regeneration are derived from the division of:

A

stem cells

193
Q

The labile cells of regeneration are derived from the division of stem cells, also known as:

A

hematopoietic cells

194
Q

The labile cells of regeneration include what types of epithelium?

A
  1. surface epithelium
  2. stratified squamous epithelium (of the skin, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, vagina, and cervix)
  3. gastrointestinal epithelium
195
Q

_____ tissues can readily regenerate after injury as long as the pool of stem cells is preserved

A

labile tissues

196
Q

Labile tissues can readily regenerate after injury as long as:

A

the pool of stem cells is preserved

197
Q

The most common forms of cancer arise from:

A

labile tissues

198
Q

The most common forms of cancer arise from labile tissues and these include: (5)

(name labile tissue + type of cancer)

A
  1. epidermis- skin cancer
  2. bronchial mucosa- lung cancer
  3. oral mucosa- oral cancer
  4. cervical mucosa- cervical cancer
  5. hematopoietic tissue- leukemia
199
Q
  1. epidermis- skin cancer
  2. bronchial mucosa- lung cancer
  3. oral mucosa- oral cancer
  4. cervical mucosa- cervical cancer
  5. hematopoietic tissue- leukemia

What do all of these cancers have in common?

A

They arise form labile tissues

200
Q

Stable tissues of regeneration may also be called ____ tissues

A

quiescent

201
Q

Stable cells of regenerations are quiescent meaning they have:

A

a very low rate of turnover

202
Q

Stable tissues (quiescent) of regeneration include: (4)

A
  1. viscera (liver, kidneys, pancreas)
  2. endothelial cells
  3. fibroblasts
  4. smooth muscle cells
203
Q

Replacement of the stable cells of stable (quiescent) tissues is carried out by:

A

mitotic division of mature cells

204
Q

With the exception of liver, stable tissues have:

A

limited capacity to regenerate

205
Q

Malignant tumors of ___ tissues are among the rarer forms for malignancies

A

stable

206
Q

Cancers are different from malignancies in that they are specifically derived from:

A

epithelial cells

207
Q

Permanent tissues of regeneration are considered:

A

non-dividing

208
Q

____ cells were generated during fetal life and never divide in post-natal life

A

permanent cells of regeneration

209
Q

Discuss the generation of permanent cells

A

generated during fetal life and NEVER divide in postnatal life

210
Q

What type of cells of regeneration cannot be replaced if lost?

A

permanent cells

211
Q

Permanent cells of regeneration include: (2)

A

neurons and cardiac myocytes

212
Q

In permanent tissues, repair is dominated by:

A

scare formation

213
Q

Fibrosis in simple terms is:

A

scarring

214
Q

In fibrosis (scarring) the tissue is intrinsically:

A

unable to regenerate

215
Q

The tissues of ___ & ____ must undergo fibrosis in order to heal because they are intrinsically unable to regenerate

A

heart & brain

216
Q

Fibrosis will occur if the underlying connective tissue scaffolding is:

A

disrupted

217
Q

When the underlying connective tissue scaffolding is disrupted, ____ occurs

A

fibrosis (scarring)

218
Q

____ occurs following extensive exudates (organization)

A

fibrosis (scarring)

219
Q

This image shows a healed cerebral infarct. How does this healing occur and why?

A

fibrosis (scarring); because brain tissue is intrinsically unable to regenerate (neurons)

220
Q

How would this area of damage repair itself?

A

via fibrosis (due to inability to regenerate)

221
Q

What are the two objectives of wound healing?

A
  1. epithelial regeneration
  2. connective tissue repair
222
Q

Wound healing involves ____ regeneration & ____ repair

A

epithelial regeneration; connective tissue repair

223
Q

In wound healing, restoring the integrity of the epithelial surface is known as:

A

epithelial regeneration

224
Q

In wound healing, epithelial regeneration involves:

A

restoring the integrity of the epithelial surface

225
Q

In wound healing, restoring the tensile strength of sub-epithelial tissue is known as:

A

connective tissue repair

226
Q

In wound healing, connective tissue repair involves:

A

restoring the tensile strength of the sub-epithelial tissue

227
Q

Type of healing in which the goal is to approximate the margins:

A

healing by primary intention/union

228
Q

The goal of healing by primary intention/union is to:

A

approximate the margins

229
Q

What do we mean by “approximate the margins” in healing by primary intention/union?

A

wound margins are pulled neatly together (think stitches)

230
Q

This image shows what type of healing?

A

Healing by primary intention/union (margin approximation)

231
Q

This image shows what type of healing?

A

Healing by primary intention/union (margin approximation)

232
Q

All wound healing involves an ____ even in the absence of infection

A

inflammatory reaction

233
Q

Healing by secondary intention involves the:

A

inability to approximate the margin

234
Q

Healing that occurs when wound margins are NOT pulled together

A

Healing by secondary intention/union

235
Q

What is one reason that healing by secondary intention/union may occur?

A

anatomic location

236
Q

The following images would require what type of healing?

A

Healing by secondary intention/ union

237
Q

In healing by secondary intention/union, the wound is left open and:

A

will heal by granulating in

238
Q

What type of cells are seen in granulation tissue?

A
  1. endothelial cells
  2. fibroblasts
  3. myofibroblasts (contractile)
239
Q

What stain can be used to visualize granulation tissue?

A

trichrome stain

240
Q

The following image shows a ____ stain used to view ____ tissue

A

trichrome; granulation

241
Q

The following images show wound healing by:

A

secondary intention/union

242
Q

Excessive scar formation within the boundaries of the original wound producing a raised scar:

A

hypertrophic scar

243
Q

These images show what type of scar?

A

Hypertrophic scar

244
Q

Excessive scar formation that grows beyond the boundaries of the original wound:

A

Keloid

245
Q

Keloids are often seen in what population?

A

african american

246
Q

The following image shows:

A

keloid

247
Q

____ is required for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine

A

vitamin C

248
Q

Vitamin C is required for the hydroxylation of:

A

proline & lysine

249
Q

Vitamin C is important in wound healing, but too much =

A

scurvy

250
Q
A

Pathology (24 decks)

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