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Pathology > Lecture 2 Study Guide- Cell injury and Adaptation > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Study Guide- Cell injury and Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

An increase in the size of an organ without an increase in cell number:

A

hypertrophy

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2
Q

Enlargement of major salivary glands (due to alcoholism, bulimia, diabetes, pregnancy, anorexia, malnutrition, hypothyroidism, acromegaly):

A

sialodenitis

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3
Q

Sialodenitis is an example of:

A

hypertrophy

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4
Q

An increase in size of organ due to an increased number of cells:

A

hyperplasia

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5
Q

A reduction in the size of cells, tissues, or organs:

A

atrophy

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6
Q

The death of most or all cells in a tissue or organ due to disease, injury, or failure of blood supply:

A

necrosis

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7
Q

The replacement of one mature cell type by a “tougher” cell type:

A

metaplasia

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8
Q

Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia are all:

A

adaptive cell responses to non-lethal injury

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9
Q

The complete absence of an organ:

A

agenesis/aplasia

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10
Q

Hypodontia & oligodontia are clinical ways to describe:

A

agenesis/aplaisa

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11
Q

The incomplete development of an organ; never reaches normal size:

A

hypoplasia

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12
Q

Abnormal formation of an organ (often describes a pre-cancerous condition)

A

dysplasia

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13
Q

Pure hypertrophy usually occurs only in:

A

skeletal & cardiac muscle

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14
Q

Two examples of pure hypertrophy include:

A
  1. cardiac muscle due to HTN
  2. masseter muscle due to jaw clenching
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15
Q

In cells other than the cells of cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle, you are more likely to get a combination of:

A

hypertrophy & hyperplasia

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16
Q

The following is an example of what type of hyperplasia?

  • erythroid bone marrow at high altitudes
A

physiologic hyperplasia

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17
Q

The following is an example of what type of hyperplasia?

  • cyclic enlargement of endometrium and breast during menstrual cycle
A

physiologic hyperplasia

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18
Q

The following is an example of what type of hyperplasia?

  • Regrowth of liver parenchyma after surgical excision
A

physiologic hyperplasia

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19
Q

The following is an example of what type of hyperplasia?

  • Epithelial hyperplasia caused by human papilloma virus
A

pathologic hyperplasia

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20
Q

The following is an example of what type of hyperplasia?

  • Myometrial smooth muscle cells are increased in number and also size in an enlarged uterus of pregnancy
A

physiologic hyperplasia combined with hypertrophy

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21
Q

The following is an example of what type of hyperplasia?

  • prostatic glands and smooth muscle in benign prostatic enlargement
A

pathologic hyperplasia combined with hypertrophy

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22
Q

Enlargement of male breast due to hormonal imbalance or leydig tumor:

A

gynecomastia- (we think pathologic hyperplasia)

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23
Q

A papilloma is an example of:

A

epithelial hyperplasia

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24
Q

A pyogenic granuloma is an example of:

A

endothelial hyperplasia

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25
Q

Hyperplasia of vascular processes commonly in gums:

A

pyogenic granuloma

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26
Q

A fibroma is an example of:

A

fibrous hyperplasia

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27
Q

mucosal-colored sessile area on tongue; may be caused by repeatedly biting:

A

fibroma

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28
Q

Ill-fitting dentures irritating the alveolar mucosa:

A

epulis fissuratum

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29
Q

Epulis Fissuratum is an example of:

A

fibrous hyperplasia

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30
Q

Ill-fitting dentures irritating the palate can cause:

A

inflammatory papillary hyperplasia

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31
Q

Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia is an example of:

A

epithelial & fibrous hyperplasia

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32
Q

Hyperplasia of hard tissue; causes bony protrusions of maxillary alveolar ridge:

A

exostoses

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33
Q

Reactive condition; hyperplastic bone growth under pontic of bridge:

A

sub-pontic osseous hyperplasia

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34
Q

Sub-pontic osseous hyperplasia and exostoses are both examples of:

A

Osseous hyperplasia

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35
Q

Hyperplasia often due to poor oral hygiene and diabetes:

A

gingival hyperplasia

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36
Q

What is associated with gingival hyperplasia?

A
  1. poor oral hygiene
  2. diabetes
  3. gingival enlargement (may be drug-induced)
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37
Q

Procardia, Cyclcosporin, Dilantin & calcium channel blockers

What do these drugs have in common?

A

All may cause gingival enlargement/gingival hyperplasia

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38
Q

List all possible causes of gingival enlargement (hyperplasia) (8)

A
  1. inflammatory hyperplasia
  2. drug-induced enlargment
  3. leukemic infiltrates
  4. amyloid infiltration
  5. klippel-trenaunay-weber syndrome
  6. juvenile hyaline fibrzomatosis
  7. cowden syndrome
  8. wegener granulomatosis
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39
Q

Also known as “strawberry gingivitis”

A

wegener granulomatosis

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40
Q

Idiopathic unilateral growth of the mandibular condyle:

A

condylar hyperplasia

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41
Q

With condylar hyperplasia, we often see _____ in which the chin deviates toward the affected side (cross-bite/open-bite)

A

facial asymmetry

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42
Q

Enlargement of dental follicle:

A

hyperplastic dental follicle

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43
Q

In the case of a hyperplastic dental follicle, it is recommended:

A

that tissue be removed

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44
Q

Gynecomastia=

A

hyperplasia of the male breast

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45
Q

The reduction in the size of cells, tissues, or organs:

A

atrophy

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46
Q

Atrophy can be classified as either:

A

physiologic or pathologic

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47
Q

Give an example of physiologic atrophy: (2)

A
  1. atrophy of uterus after pregnancy
  2. involution of thymus in early adult life
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48
Q

Give an example of pathologic atrophy: (3)

A
  1. atrophy of skeletal muscle following denervation
  2. atrophy of brain due to ischemia
  3. loss of alveolar bone in edentulous patients
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49
Q

pathologic atrophy may result from: (6)

A
  1. disuse
  2. denervation
  3. lack of trophic hormones
  4. ischemia
  5. malnutrition
  6. idiopathic
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50
Q

Give an example of idiopathic atrophy:

A

Parry-Romberg Syndrome

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51
Q

Parry-Romberg syndrome is an idiopathic atrophy causing:

A

progressive hemifacial atrophy

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52
Q

Metaplasia occurs to allow the cells to:

A

withstand a tougher environment

53
Q

The replacement of one mature cell type by another one

A

metaplasia

54
Q

metaplasia generally represents a change to a ____ type of cell

A

tougher

55
Q

Is metaplasia reversible or irreversible?

A

generally reversible (tissue reverts to its normal state after irritant is removed)

56
Q

What happens to metaplasia if irritant persists?

A

Metaplasia may progress to dysplasia and then to frank neoplasia

57
Q

Give some examples of metaplasia:

A
  1. Squamous Metaplasia in smokers
  2. Barrett Esophagus
  3. Necrotizing Sialometaplasia
58
Q

Discuss how metaplasia may occur in smokers and what this may progress to:

A

replacement of bronchial stratified columnar epithelium (with cilia) by squamous epithelium

squamous metaplasia may progress to squamous carcinoma if irritant is not removed

59
Q

Discuss Barrett’s Esophagus and what this is caused by and potential progression:

A

Intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus in which there is replacement of the esophageal squamous tissue by columnar tissue (that is more gastric like); mucosa above the z-line is now the same as below the z-line (Z-line is the separation of esophageal to stomach tissue)

Caused by chronic irritation by gastric juices in acid reflux; adenocarcinoma

60
Q

Discuss necrotizing sialometaplasia:

A

Squamous metaplasia of glandular tissue; replacement of the glandular cuboid tissue by squamous tissue

Exclusively in the oral cavity on the palate (quick onset, piece of the palate “falls off”

61
Q

Describe the specific cell changes that occur in squamous metaplasia of smokers:

A

bronchial stratified columnar epithelium (with cilia) –> squamous epithelium

62
Q

Describe the specific cell changes that occur in Barrett’s esophagus:

A

esophageal squamous tissue —> columnar tissue (gastric-like)

63
Q

Describe the specific cells changes that occur in necrotizing sialometaplasia:

A

Glandular cuboidal tissue —> squamous tissue

64
Q

Hypoplasia of the mandible (retrognathic) is characteristic of what syndromes? (2)

A
  1. treacher-collins syndrome
  2. pierre-robin syndrome
65
Q

Give examples of hypoplasia: (4)

A
  1. treacher-collins syndrome
  2. pierre-robin syndrome
  3. hypo plastic roots (due to radiation)
  4. regional odontodysplasia (hypo plastic teeth)
66
Q

Condition characterized by hypo plastic teeth:

A

regional odontodysplasia

67
Q

The incomplete development of an organ:

A

hypoplasia

68
Q

abnormal formation:

A

dysplasia

69
Q

Hypoplasia may also be considered:

A

aplasia

70
Q

List examples of diseases involving dysplasia: (6)

A
  1. epithelial dysplasia
  2. ectodermal dysplasia
  3. fibro-osseous dysplasia
  4. fibrous dysplasia
  5. regional odontodysplasia
  6. dentin dysplasia (type 1)
71
Q

What condition involving dysplasia is being described?

  • A pre-malignant condition
  • looks like speckled leukoplakia
A

epithelial dysplasia

72
Q

What condition involving dysplasia is being described?

  • abnormal formation of ectodermally derived structures (i.e., teeth, sweat glands, hair)
  • pointy teeth
  • NOT pre-cancerous
A

ectodermal dysplasia

73
Q

What condition involving dysplasia is being described?

  • NOT pre-cancerous
  • benign lesion that expands unilaterally
  • affecting upper or lower jaw
A

fibrous dysplasia

74
Q

What condition involving dysplasia is being described?

  • NOT pre-cancerous
  • common among black females age 30
A

fibre-osseous dysplasia

75
Q

What condition involving dysplasia is being described?

  • altered formation of the tissue
  • causes hypoplastic teeth
A

regional odontodysplasia

76
Q

Give an example of a condition characterized by a reversible change:

A

fatty change- liver

77
Q

What are the two types of irreversible changes that cells/tissue may undergo?

A
  1. Necrosis
  2. Apoptosis
78
Q

What irreversible change can be described as a “messy response”?

A

Necrosis

79
Q

What irreversible change can be described as a “clean response”?

A

Apoptosis

80
Q

An irreversible change characterized by lysosomes disrupting cells, causing leakage of cellular contents:

A

Necrosis

81
Q

Necrosis ultimately involves an:

A

inflammatory response

82
Q

Cell response to irreversible damage.. what happens after irreversible damage; end result:

A

necrosis

83
Q

An irreversible change characterized by one, individual cell being targeted, attacked, and phagocytized by macrophages:

A

Apoptosis

84
Q

Nuclear changes that signal cell death are involved in:

A

necrosis

85
Q

What are the nuclear changes that signal cell death in necrosis? (3)

A
  1. pyknosis
  2. karyoorrhexis
  3. karyolysis
86
Q

Nuclear change signaling cell death in necrosis characterized by a small, dark and shrunken nucleus:

A

pyknosis

87
Q

Nuclear change signaling cell death in necrosis characterized by nuclear fragmentation:

A

karyorrhexis

88
Q

Nuclear change signaling cell death in necrosis characterized by dissolution of the nucleus (no fragments):

A

karyolysis

89
Q

List the 4 tissue patterns of necrosis:

A
  1. coagulation necrosis
  2. liquefaction necrosis
  3. caseous necrosis
  4. fat necrosis
90
Q

Pattern of necrosis seen in hypoxic injury such as heart attack:

A

coagulation necrosis

91
Q

Pattern of necrosis seen in patients with bacterial infections or stroke (cerebral infarction):

A

liquefaction necrosis

92
Q

Pattern of necrosis seen in patient seen with tuberculosis (necrotic tissue is converted into a cheesy mass):

A

caseous necrosis

93
Q

Describe caseous necrosis:

A

necrotic tissue is converted into a cheesy mass

94
Q

Pattern of necrosis seen in acute pancreatitis:

A

fat necrosis

95
Q

_____ tells you IF a cell has died; ____ tells you HOW a cell has died

A

Nuclei; cytoplasm

96
Q

Programmed cell death occurring through the activation of an internal suicide program:

A

apoptosis

97
Q

Enzymes responsible for apoptosis:

A

caspases

98
Q

Apoptosis ____ eliminates unwanted cells with:

A

selective; minimal disturbance to surrounding cells

99
Q

Discuss the plasma membrane in the event of apoptosis:

A

plasma membrane remains intact, but structure is altered so that it becomes a target for phagocytosis

100
Q

What happens to the dead celling the event of apoptosis:

A

The dead cell is rapidly cleared before its contents have leaked out and therefor does NOT elect an inflammatory response

101
Q

What irreversible change do cells/tissues undergo that does NOT elicit an inflammatory response?

A

Apoptosis

102
Q

What irreversible change do cells/tissues undergo that DOES elicit an inflammatory response?

A

Necrosis

103
Q

Apoptosis can be either:

A
  1. physiologic
  2. pathologic
104
Q

Is an example of physiologic or pathologic apoptosis?

Programmed destruction of cells during embryogenesis

A

Physiologic

105
Q

Is an example of physiologic or pathologic apoptosis?

Hormone-dependent involution of tissues in adults (example thymus)

A

physiologic

106
Q

Is an example of physiologic or pathologic apoptosis?

If DNA repair mechanisms can’t cope with damage and the cell kills itself:

A

Pathologic

107
Q

Is an example of physiologic or pathologic apoptosis?

Deletion of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes

A

Physiologic

108
Q

Is an example of physiologic or pathologic apoptosis?

Cell death in certain viral infections (hepatitis)

A

Pathologic

109
Q

Is an example of physiologic or pathologic apoptosis?

Pathologic atrophy in organs after obstruction:

A

pathologic

110
Q

Is an example of physiologic or pathologic apoptosis?

Cell death in tumors

A

pathologic

111
Q

Is an example of physiologic or pathologic apoptosis?

Cell death induced by cytotoxic T-cells (virally-infected or neoplastic)

A

physiologic

112
Q
  1. programmed destruction of cells during embryogenesis
  2. hormone-dependent involution of tissues in adults
  3. deletion of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes
  4. cell death induced by cytotoxic t-cells (virally-infected or neoplastic)

These are all examples of:

A

physiologic apoptosis

113
Q
  1. If DNA repair mechanisms can’t cope with damage, the cell kills itself
  2. Cell death in certain viral infections (hepatitis)
  3. Pathologic atrophy in organs after obstruction
  4. Cell death in tumors

These are all examples of:

A

pathologic apoptosis

114
Q

Exogenous picotements include:

A
  1. carbon
  2. tattooing
115
Q

Endogenous pigments include:

A
  1. lipofuscin
  2. melanin
  3. hemosiderin
  4. bilirubin
116
Q

A result of smoking- respiratory tissues become black in color:

A

Exogenous pigment- carbon- anthracosis

117
Q

Intentional on the skin and unintentional on mucosal surfaces due to amalgam:

A

Exogenous pigment- tattooing

118
Q

Endogenous pigment considered an aging pigment:

A

lipfuscin

119
Q

Endogenous pigment formed by melanocytes:

A

melanin

120
Q

Endogenous pigment that is hemoglobin derived (in tissues, not blood)

A

hemosiderin

121
Q

Endogenous pigment that is a byproduct of RBC degradation:

A

bilirubin

122
Q

Bilirubin is a biproduct of:

A

RBC degredation

123
Q

Hemosiderin is derived from:

A

hemoglobin

124
Q

The abnormal deposition of calcium salts in tissue:

A

pathologic calcification

125
Q

Occurs in nonviable or dying tissues in presence of normal serum calcium levels:

A

dystrophic calcification

126
Q

Dystrophic calcification occurs in _____ in the presence of ____ levels

A

nonviable or dying tissues; normal serum calcium levels

127
Q

Occurs in viable tissues and is associated with high serum calcium levels (hypercalcemia)

A

Metastatic calcification

128
Q

Metastatic calcification occurs in ____ and is associated with ____ levels

A

viable tissues; high serum calcium

129
Q
A

Pathology (24 decks)

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