Renal failure

Question 1

Definition

Answer 1

Cannot make urine and excrete nitrogenous waste

Question 2

Two forms

Answer 2

Acute (ATN)

Chronic (HTN, DM)

Question 3

Consequences

Answer 3

1) Na/H2O retention (CHF, pulm edema, HTN)
2) Hyperkalemia
3) metabolic acidosis
4) uremia (elevated BUN and creatinine)
5) anemia (low EPO)
6) renal osteodystrophy
7) dyslipidemia (esp. triglycerides)
8) growth retardation and developmental delay (in children)

Question 4

Elevated BUN and creatinine

Answer 4

Nausea and anorexia
Pericarditis
asterixis
encephalopathy
platelet dysfunction

Question 5

Renal osteodystrophy

Answer 5

Failure of vit D hydroxylation
so hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia
2nd hyperPTH

Hyperophosphatemia also independently low serum Ca2+ by causing tissue calcification, whereas low 1,25 (OH)2 vit D results in low intestinal Ca2+ absorption

Causes subperiosteal thinning of bon.