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year 4 > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

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1
Q

Cannon balls on CXR

A

renal mets

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2
Q

Loin to groin pain

A

renal colic

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3
Q

Sea anemone on cytoscopy

A

transitional cell carcinoma

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4
Q

UTI plus travel to India

A

Carbapenase-producing Klebsiella (resistant to all abx)

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5
Q

UTI with foul smelling urine and renal calculi

A

Proteus

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6
Q

Beading of the renal artery

A

fibromuscular dysplasia

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7
Q

RBC casts in urine

A

proves haematuria is from glomerulus

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8
Q

Muddy brown casts of epithelial cells

A

acute tubular necrosis

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9
Q

Potato appearance

A

testicular seminoma

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10
Q

Apple-green birefringence on congo red stain

A

amyloidosis

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11
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

number of solute particles (osmoles) per litre

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12
Q

What are the effects of a hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solution on a cell volume?

A

hypotonic: bursts
hypertonic: shrinks
isotonic: neutral

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13
Q

Why is a urea solution hypertonic and sucrose solution isotonic?

A

urea can cross cell membrane

sucrose is too large to cross membrane

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14
Q

What are the two major volume compartments in the body?

A

intracellular volume (66%) and extracellular volume (33%)

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15
Q

How is an isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) distributed?

A

majorly in the extracellular fluid compartment

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16
Q

How is a glucose 5% solution distributed?

A

glucose is metabolised and fluid distributed throughout both compartments

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17
Q

How are balanced crystalloid solutions distributed?

A

majorly throughout the extracellular fluid

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18
Q

What makes up the upper urinary tract?

A

kidneys, ureters

19
Q

What makes up the lower urinary tract?

A

bladder, urethra

20
Q

Where do the renal veins lie in relation to renal arteries?

A

anterior

21
Q

Where do the common illiac arteries lie in relation to common iliac veins?

A

anterior

22
Q

Where does lymph from the kidneys drain?

A

lumbar nodes

23
Q

Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

A

at level of umbilicus

24
Q

Where are adrenal glands situated?

A

on superior kidney

25
Q

What is the outer and inner portion of the kidney called?

A

outer renal capsule
outer cortex
inner medulla (27 renal pyramids with striped appearance due to each containing 50000 nephrons)

26
Q

What are the different parts of a nephron

A 
glomerulus
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct
27
Q

How doe urine drain from the kidney?

A

collecting ducts meet into widening calyces and flow into the wide renal pelvis before into ureter at pelviureteric junction

28
Q

Where are the anatomical sites of ureteric constriction?

A

pelviureteric junction
ureter crossing anterior to common iliac artery (often at the bifurcation)
ureteric oriface (opening into bladder floor)

29
Q

What are staghorn calculi?

A

branched stones filling/partially filling the renal pelvis and calyces

30
Q

Where does the ureter run in relation to the uterine tubes and uterine artery?

A

inferiorly

31
Q

What forms the internal urethral sphincter in males and why?

A

detrusor muscle at internal urethral oriface contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrogade flow of semen (involuntary)

32
Q

What is normal position for uterus?

A

anteflexed

33
Q

What are the two pouches in a female and one pouch in male?

A

uterovesicle
rectouterine (pouch of douglas)
rectovesicle in males

34
Q

What sphincters are under voluntary control when peeing?

A

external urethral sphincter (men just before spongy urethra, females near external urethral oriface @ level of levator ani)

35
Q

What is the name of the sac that testis sit in the scrotum?

A

tunica vaginalis

36
Q

What layers separate blood from glomerular filtrate?

A

2 cell layers

capillary endothelium with thicker than usual basal lamina and surrounded by specialised epithelium (podocytes)

37
Q

What are mesangial cells?

A

specialised cells of the kidney that produce and maintain the mesangium/ connective tissue core in the glomerulus.

38
Q

What part of the nephron is in the medulla?

A

loop of henle

39
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

specialised region formed at the site where the distal convolutedd tubule passes adjacent to the vascular pole of its glomerulus

40
Q

What are the conducting parts of the urinary tract lined by?

A

transitional epithelium that changes to stratified squamous near termination

41
Q

What is AKI?

A

abrupt (<48hr) reduction in kidney function

42
Q

Diagnostic criteria for AKI?

A

rise in serum creatinine >26micromol
Increase in creatinine by 50%
Reduction in urine output <0.5ml/kg/hr for >6hours

43
Q

What is acute tubular necrosis?

A

death of epithelial cells in tubules

44
Q

What is a normal urine output?

A

0.5mls/kg/hour

year 4 (27 decks)

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