Renal Flashcards
Cannon balls on CXR
renal mets
Loin to groin pain
renal colic
Sea anemone on cytoscopy
transitional cell carcinoma
UTI plus travel to India
Carbapenase-producing Klebsiella (resistant to all abx)
UTI with foul smelling urine and renal calculi
Proteus
Beading of the renal artery
fibromuscular dysplasia
RBC casts in urine
proves haematuria is from glomerulus
Muddy brown casts of epithelial cells
acute tubular necrosis
Potato appearance
testicular seminoma
Apple-green birefringence on congo red stain
amyloidosis
What is osmolarity?
number of solute particles (osmoles) per litre
What are the effects of a hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solution on a cell volume?
hypotonic: bursts
hypertonic: shrinks
isotonic: neutral
Why is a urea solution hypertonic and sucrose solution isotonic?
urea can cross cell membrane
sucrose is too large to cross membrane
What are the two major volume compartments in the body?
intracellular volume (66%) and extracellular volume (33%)
How is an isotonic saline (0.9% NaCl) distributed?
majorly in the extracellular fluid compartment
How is a glucose 5% solution distributed?
glucose is metabolised and fluid distributed throughout both compartments
How are balanced crystalloid solutions distributed?
majorly throughout the extracellular fluid
What makes up the upper urinary tract?
kidneys, ureters
What makes up the lower urinary tract?
bladder, urethra
Where do the renal veins lie in relation to renal arteries?
anterior
Where do the common illiac arteries lie in relation to common iliac veins?
anterior
Where does lymph from the kidneys drain?
lumbar nodes
Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
at level of umbilicus
Where are adrenal glands situated?
on superior kidney
What is the outer and inner portion of the kidney called?
outer renal capsule
outer cortex
inner medulla (27 renal pyramids with striped appearance due to each containing 50000 nephrons)
What are the different parts of a nephron
glomerulus proximal convoluted tubule loop of henle distal convoluted tubule collecting duct
How doe urine drain from the kidney?
collecting ducts meet into widening calyces and flow into the wide renal pelvis before into ureter at pelviureteric junction
Where are the anatomical sites of ureteric constriction?
pelviureteric junction
ureter crossing anterior to common iliac artery (often at the bifurcation)
ureteric oriface (opening into bladder floor)
What are staghorn calculi?
branched stones filling/partially filling the renal pelvis and calyces
Where does the ureter run in relation to the uterine tubes and uterine artery?
inferiorly
What forms the internal urethral sphincter in males and why?
detrusor muscle at internal urethral oriface contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrogade flow of semen (involuntary)
What is normal position for uterus?
anteflexed
What are the two pouches in a female and one pouch in male?
uterovesicle
rectouterine (pouch of douglas)
rectovesicle in males
What sphincters are under voluntary control when peeing?
external urethral sphincter (men just before spongy urethra, females near external urethral oriface @ level of levator ani)
What is the name of the sac that testis sit in the scrotum?
tunica vaginalis
What layers separate blood from glomerular filtrate?
2 cell layers
capillary endothelium with thicker than usual basal lamina and surrounded by specialised epithelium (podocytes)
What are mesangial cells?
specialised cells of the kidney that produce and maintain the mesangium/ connective tissue core in the glomerulus.
What part of the nephron is in the medulla?
loop of henle
What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
specialised region formed at the site where the distal convolutedd tubule passes adjacent to the vascular pole of its glomerulus
What are the conducting parts of the urinary tract lined by?
transitional epithelium that changes to stratified squamous near termination
What is AKI?
abrupt (<48hr) reduction in kidney function
Diagnostic criteria for AKI?
rise in serum creatinine >26micromol
Increase in creatinine by 50%
Reduction in urine output <0.5ml/kg/hr for >6hours
What is acute tubular necrosis?
death of epithelial cells in tubules
What is a normal urine output?
0.5mls/kg/hour
