Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

YEAR 4 > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

cherry red spot at the macula

A

central retinal artery occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

tear drop or blood level in sinus

A

blow out fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

failure to adduct in affected eye and contralateral nystagmus

A 
internuclear opthalmoplegia
(problem with medial longitudinal fasiculus in the brainstem)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pain on eye movement

A

optic neuritis (common in MS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

curtain coming down <5mins (painless temporary loss of vision)

A

amaurosis fugax

transient retinal ischaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

floaters and flashes of light, worsening of outer visual field. painless loss of vision partial curtain coming down >5mins

A

retinal detachement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

acute onset red eye, decreased visual acuity, photphobia, small fixed pupil, ciliary flush

A

anterior uveitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

gritty

A

bacterial conjunctivitis or sub-tarsal foreign body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

watery, pain, pre-auricular lymph nodes

A

viral conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

silver/copper wiring

A

HTN eye disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

loss of red reflex, eye red on ophthalmoscopy

A

haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

new vessels and haemorrhage

A

ARMD wet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

follicular conjunctivitis

A

chlamydia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

pinpoint pupils

A

pontine lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

miosis, partial ptosis and loss of hemifacial sweating

A

horner’s syndrome (damage to sympathetic trunk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

down out and dilated

A

damage to CN3/oculomotor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

roth spots

A

infective endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

brushfield spots

A

down’s syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

scrambled egg/egg yolk appearance on macula

A

best disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mechanism of a blow out fracture?

A

external force to the orbital cavity from a source with a bigger diameter than the orbit
rise in intraorbital pressure that causes fractures of the thinner/weaker medial wall or orbital floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What passes through the supraorbital notch and what does this innervate?

A

supraorbital nerve

forehead sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What passes through the infraorbital foreamen?

A 
infraorbital artery
infraorbital nerve (maxillary nerve after it has past through the foreamen)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What muscle closes the eye lids?

A

obicularis oculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What open the eye lids?

A

levator palperbrae suprioris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What controls the lacrimal gland?

A

CN VII

Facial nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

tarsus

A

eyelids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where do the lacrimal puncta drain?

A

into nasolacrimal duct and eventually the inferior meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the colour portion of the eye?

A

iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the 3 distinct layers of the eye?

A

fibrous layer
vascular or uveal layer
retina or photosensitive layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What makes up the fibrous outer layer of the eye?

A

cornea 2/3 of refraction sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What makes up the uvea and function of each?

A 
iris (pupil diameter)
ciliary body (made up of ciliary muscle- controls shape of lens and ciliary epithelium- secretion of aqueous humour (non-pigmented portion secretes vitreous humour)
choroid (nutrition and gas exchange)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where is the anterior segment and what are its two chambers?

A 
in front of the lens
anterior chamber (between cornea and iris)
posterior chamber (between iris and suspensory ligaments)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where are muscles that move the eye ball attached?

A

to the sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the suspensory ligaments?

A

fibres that connect ciliary body to the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What do the anterior and posterior chambers contain?

A

aqueous humour

36
Q

Where is the posterior segment of the eye and what does it contain?

A

behind the lens

vitreous humour

37
Q

What is the circulation of aqueous humour?

A

secreted by ciliary body into posterior chamber, nourishes lens and passes through pupil to anterior chamber. nourishes cornea reabsorbed into canal of schlemm

38
Q

What is the fundus and what does it include?

A

interior surface of the eye opposite the lens
retina (layer that contains cells sensitive to light)
optic disk (head of the optic nerve, entry/exit point for blood vessels and axons)
macula (oval pigmented area near the centre of the retina)
fovea (centre of the macula, tiny pit, area of most acute vision)
posterior pole (retina portion between macula and optic disc)

39
Q

What makes the blind spot?

A

optic disc

40
Q

What is bayoneting of the vessels?

A

bending or kinking sharply as they pass over the edge of the cup

41
Q

What are 5 common signs on fundoscopy of open angle glaucoma?

A 
optic disc cupping
optic disc pallor
bayoneting vessels
cup notching
disk haemorrhages
42
Q

How is aqueous humour reabsorbed?

A

drains through a sieve like trabecular meshwork (in front of the iris) into the scleral venous sinus (canal of schlemm) into the blood stream

43
Q

Where is the canal of schlemm?

A

at the iris-corneal angle

44
Q

What structures help focus light on the retina?

A

cornea and lens

45
Q

What is the macular responsible for and why?

A

central high resolution colour vision has the greatest density of cones

46
Q

Where is the optic disc located?

A

nasaly

47
Q

Where does the ophthalmic artery arise from?

A

first branch of internal carotid distal to cavernous sinus

48
Q

What are dural venous sinuses?

A

venous channels between enveloped by dura matter below the periosteum
receive blood from internal and external veins of the brain and receive CSF from subarachnoid space
empty into internal jugular veins

49
Q

What artery and vein supply/drain the retina?

A

central artery of the retina (end artery)

central vein of the retina

50
Q

What are the muscles of the eye?

A

s,i,m,l rectus

s,i oblique

51
Q

What are the nerves that innervate the eye muscles?

A

LR6 (abducent)
SO4 (trochlear)
AO3 (occulomotor)

52
Q

What is the relationship between the orbital axis and the visual axis and why is this relavent?

A

in their primary position the gaze of eye (visual axis) is directed forward
the orbital axis lies lateral 22 degrees
when testing muscles/nerve supply to the eye you have to line up gaze to the plane of the muscle being tested so as to isolate that muscle

53
Q

Testing of the muscles in the right eye?

A

sr io
lr mr
ir so

54
Q

what causes intorsion?

A

SO

55
Q

What cause extorsion?

A

IO

56
Q

What muscles are involved in pure elavation?

A

SR

IO

57
Q

What muscles are involved in pure depression?

A

IR

SO

58
Q

What holds the eye just above the floor of the orbit?

A

suspensory ligament

59
Q

What are the 3 division of the trigeminal nerve?

A

V1 opthalmic
V2 maxillary
V3 mandibular

60
Q

What are the afferent and efferent components of the blink/corneal reflex?

A

afferent (sensory) trigeminal V1 fibres detect stimulus on cornea
efferent (motor) facial nerve CNVII stimulates orbicularis oculi

61
Q

How do sympathetic fibres reach the head and neck?

A

exit T1-L2
reach sympathetic trunk and synapse in cervical ganglion
post synaptic axons enter internal and external carotid nerve and travel on surface of internal and external carotid areteries

62
Q

What CNs have parasympathetic fibres?

A

3, 7, 9, 10

63
Q

parasympathetic CN supply to the eye?

A

CNIII (oculomotor)

64
Q

What CN supplies parasymathetic innervation to lacrimal gland, submandibular gland and sublingual gland?

A

CNVII (facial)

65
Q

What CN supplies parasympathetic innervation to parotid gland?

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

66
Q

What supplies motor to levator palpebrae superioris?

A

CNIII (occulomotor)

67
Q

What muscle and NS is involved in pupillary dilation?

A

dilator pupillae fibres radially arranged in the iris

sympathetic nervous system (dim light, fight/flight, illness)

68
Q

What muscle and NS is involved in the pupillary constriction?

A

sphincter pupillae fibres arranged circularly in middle of iris
parasympathetic nervous system (bright light, rest and digest)

69
Q

What is tropicamide and how does it work?

A

myadriatic drug that cuases pupil dilation by blocking the parasympathetic receptors on pupillae restrictor muscle

70
Q

Pin point pupil

A

opiate drugs (stimulate parasympathetic nervous system)

71
Q

fixed dilated blown out pupil?

A

CNIII pathology (inhibition of parasympathetic constriction of pupil)

72
Q

What is the afferent and efferent components of the pupilary response?

A

afferent (sensory): CNII (optic detects light)

efferent (motor to phincter pupillae muscles) bilateral CNIII (oculomotor) direct reflex and consensual reflex

73
Q

Why does touching 1 cornea elicit blinking in both eyes?

A

the afferent/sensory signal is sent to both sides of the brain stem so the efferent signal is sent to both eyes

74
Q

What controls the accommodation reflex?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

75
Q

What happens in near objects?

A

ciliary muscles contracts (parasymathetic) decreases tension on the suspensory ligaments and fattens the lens

76
Q

What happens in distant objects?

A

ciliary muscle relax (no parasympathetic) which increases tension on the suspensory ligaments and makes the lens more spherical

77
Q

What features do you look for in accommodation reflex?

A

bilateral pupil constriction

bilateral convergence

78
Q

What is blood supply to eye?

A

2 circulations

retinal and uveal

79
Q

What produces CSF?

A

choroid plexus

80
Q

What are rods responsible for?

A

vision at low light levels, no colour vision

81
Q

What are cones responsible for?

A

vision at high light levels, colour vision, high spatial acuity

82
Q

What is the fauvea?

A

highest density of cones

83
Q

What are the wavelengths that activate our photoreceptors?

A

visible light
blue- short wave cone
green- middle wave cone
red- long wave cone

84
Q

What are the layers of the meninges?

A

dura matar
arachnoid mater
pia mater

85
Q

Where are lumber punctures done?

A

L3/4

L4/5

86
Q

Where does subarachnoid space end?

A

S2

87
Q

Is the optic nerve covered by meninges?

A

yes

YEAR 4 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions