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YEAR 4 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Catecholamines in urine, headaches, hypertension and palpitations

A

phaeochromocytoma

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2
Q

tanned skin without being on holiday

A

Addisons

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3
Q

increased shoe size, spade hands, wedding ring too tight

A

Acromegaly

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4
Q

signs of hyperthyroidism plus eye changes, gritty eyes, smooth velvety skin

A

Grave’s disease

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5
Q

Moon face, proximal weakness, stretch marks, buffalo hump, abdominal fat

A

Cushings

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6
Q

Ketones on breath (sweet smelling/pear drop breath)

A

DKA

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7
Q

Deep laboured breathing (kussmaul breathing)

A

metabolic acidosis (esp DKA)

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8
Q

Orphan Annie nuclei

A

papillary thyroid cancer

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9
Q

Bone pain, stones, abdo pain, psychiatric problems

A

(bones, stones, groans and moans)

hypercalcemia (hyperparathyroidism)

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10
Q

Psammoma bodies

A

papillary thyroid carcinomas

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11
Q

butterfly rash

A

SLE

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12
Q

heat intolerance/palpitations

A

hyperthyroidism

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13
Q

cold intolerance/weight gain

A

hypothryoidism

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14
Q

Anosmia (loss of smell) and isolated GnRH deficiency

A

Kallmann’s syndrome

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15
Q

Trousseau sign, chvostek sign and QT prolongation

A

hypocalcemia

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16
Q

Brachydactyly of 4th metacarpal

A

pseudohypoparathyroidism

17
Q

What is the endocrine system made up of?

A

hormone and ductless endocrine glands (secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream)

18
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

produce and secrete substances onto epithelial surfaces via ducts

19
Q

What are the 9 major endocrine glands?

A 
pineal
hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal
pancreas
ovaries/testis
placenta
20
Q

What class of hormone are oxytocin and insulin

A

glycoproteins and peptides

21
Q

what class of hormone are cortisol and testosterone

A

steroid

22
Q

what class of hormone are adrenaline, thyroid hormones and melanin

A

amines (tyrosine and tryptophan derivatives)

23
Q

What is a glycoprotein

A

any protein that has a carbohydrate group attached

24
Q

What types of hormones require carrier proteins?

A

insoluble steroids and thyroxine

25
Q

tropic meaning

A

hormone that acts on another endocrine gland to regulate its secretion of hormone

26
Q

What are 3 main kinds of receptors

A 
GPCR (proteins, peptides, amines)
receptor kinases (proteins and peptides e.g. insulin)
nuclear receptors (hydrophobic steroids and thyroxine)
27
Q

What cells secrete insulin?

A

beta

28
Q

What cells secret glucagon?

A

alpha

29
Q

what to delta cells secrete?

A

somatostatin

30
Q

What cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide?

A

PP cells

31
Q

What is structure of insulin

A

two polypeptide chains linked by disulphide bond

32
Q

What does glucokinase do?

A

phosphorylates glucose

33
Q

How is insulin released?

A

glucose uptake by GLUT2 receptors
phosphorylated by glucokinase, increased intracellular ATP which closes ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Reduced K+ influx, depolarisation of cell and opening of Ca2+ channels. Ca influx and calcium induced release of insulin from vesicles.

34
Q

What is a kinase

A

enzyme that catalyses phosphorylation (addition of phosphate usually from ATP onto a molecule)

35
Q

What is beta oxidisation

A

break down of fatty acids into acetyl Co-A so it can enter the krebs cycle to produce ATP

36
Q

Where is pituitary gland?

A

pituitary fossa in sphenoid bone

37
Q

Describe the visual pathway

A

nasal and temporal retina form optic nerve which travels through optic canal in sphenoid bone
right and left optic nerves (CNII) join to form optic chiasm
right and left optic tracts from chiasm synapse in thalamus and optic radiation pass to visual cortex in occipital lobe

38
Q

Diabetic values for Hb1AC, fasting glucose, GTT and random blood glucose

A

> 48
7
11.1
11.1

39
Q

4 T’s of diabetes

A

toilet
thirsty
tired
thinner

YEAR 4 (27 decks)

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