Endocrine Flashcards
Catecholamines in urine, headaches, hypertension and palpitations
phaeochromocytoma
tanned skin without being on holiday
Addisons
increased shoe size, spade hands, wedding ring too tight
Acromegaly
signs of hyperthyroidism plus eye changes, gritty eyes, smooth velvety skin
Grave’s disease
Moon face, proximal weakness, stretch marks, buffalo hump, abdominal fat
Cushings
Ketones on breath (sweet smelling/pear drop breath)
DKA
Deep laboured breathing (kussmaul breathing)
metabolic acidosis (esp DKA)
Orphan Annie nuclei
papillary thyroid cancer
Bone pain, stones, abdo pain, psychiatric problems
(bones, stones, groans and moans)
hypercalcemia (hyperparathyroidism)
Psammoma bodies
papillary thyroid carcinomas
butterfly rash
SLE
heat intolerance/palpitations
hyperthyroidism
cold intolerance/weight gain
hypothryoidism
Anosmia (loss of smell) and isolated GnRH deficiency
Kallmann’s syndrome
Trousseau sign, chvostek sign and QT prolongation
hypocalcemia
Brachydactyly of 4th metacarpal
pseudohypoparathyroidism
What is the endocrine system made up of?
hormone and ductless endocrine glands (secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream)
What are exocrine glands?
produce and secrete substances onto epithelial surfaces via ducts
What are the 9 major endocrine glands?
pineal hypothalamus pituitary thyroid parathyroid adrenal pancreas ovaries/testis placenta
What class of hormone are oxytocin and insulin
glycoproteins and peptides
what class of hormone are cortisol and testosterone
steroid
what class of hormone are adrenaline, thyroid hormones and melanin
amines (tyrosine and tryptophan derivatives)
What is a glycoprotein
any protein that has a carbohydrate group attached
What types of hormones require carrier proteins?
insoluble steroids and thyroxine
tropic meaning
hormone that acts on another endocrine gland to regulate its secretion of hormone
What are 3 main kinds of receptors
GPCR (proteins, peptides, amines) receptor kinases (proteins and peptides e.g. insulin) nuclear receptors (hydrophobic steroids and thyroxine)
What cells secrete insulin?
beta
What cells secret glucagon?
alpha
what to delta cells secrete?
somatostatin
What cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide?
PP cells
What is structure of insulin
two polypeptide chains linked by disulphide bond
What does glucokinase do?
phosphorylates glucose
How is insulin released?
glucose uptake by GLUT2 receptors
phosphorylated by glucokinase, increased intracellular ATP which closes ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Reduced K+ influx, depolarisation of cell and opening of Ca2+ channels. Ca influx and calcium induced release of insulin from vesicles.
What is a kinase
enzyme that catalyses phosphorylation (addition of phosphate usually from ATP onto a molecule)
What is beta oxidisation
break down of fatty acids into acetyl Co-A so it can enter the krebs cycle to produce ATP
Where is pituitary gland?
pituitary fossa in sphenoid bone
Describe the visual pathway
nasal and temporal retina form optic nerve which travels through optic canal in sphenoid bone
right and left optic nerves (CNII) join to form optic chiasm
right and left optic tracts from chiasm synapse in thalamus and optic radiation pass to visual cortex in occipital lobe
Diabetic values for Hb1AC, fasting glucose, GTT and random blood glucose
> 48
7
11.1
11.1
4 T’s of diabetes
toilet
thirsty
tired
thinner
