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YEAR 4 > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

Schistocytes

A

intravascular haemolysis

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2
Q

Pepper pot skull

A

myeloma

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3
Q

Rouleaux formation

A

myeloma

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4
Q

Reed-sternberg cells

A

hodgekins lymphoma

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5
Q

Philadelphia chromosome

A

9:22 translation

chronic myeloid leukemia

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6
Q

Atypical lymphocytes

A

EBV (mononucleosis)

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7
Q

Auer rods

A

Acute myeloid leukemia

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8
Q

Bence jones proteins

A

multiple myeloma

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9
Q

Itchy after hot bath

A

polycythemia rubra vera

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10
Q

Translocation 8:14

A

burkitts lymphoma

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11
Q

African kid with histroy of EBV and tumour on face/jaw

A

burkitts lymphoma

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12
Q

Alcohol makes it worse

A

Hodgkins lymphoma

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13
Q

Haemarthrosis

A

haemophilia

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14
Q

Bleeding into joint

A

Problem with secondary haemostasis

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15
Q

Reduced levels of factor IX with christmas disease

A

Haemophilia B

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16
Q

young boy with reduced levels of factor VIII and increased APTT

A

haemophilia A

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17
Q

Congo red staining

A

amyloid deposition of biopsied tissue in myeloma and AA amyloidosis

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18
Q

Schillings test

A

B12 deficiency

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19
Q

Smudge cells (immature leukocytes)

A

CLL

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20
Q

Jak-2 mutation

A

PRV or essential thrombocytopenia

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21
Q

NBT test

A

CGD

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22
Q

Positive schumms test

A

intravascular haemolytis anaemia

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23
Q

Hair on end skull xray

A

major beta thalassemia

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24
Q

Bite cells, blister cells and heinz bodies

A

G6PD deficiency

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25
Q

Russell bodies

A

chronic inflammation

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26
Q

What 2 lineages can the multipotent haematopoietic stem cell give rise to?

A

Common myeloid progenitor

Common lymphoid progenitor

27
Q

What key cells does the myeloid lineage give rise to?

A

platelets
erythrocytes
granulocytes
monocytes

28
Q

What cells are granulocytes?

A

Polymorphoneuclear leukocytes

  • mast cells
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
29
Q

What does a monocyte give rise to in tissues?

A

macrohpages or dendritic cells

30
Q

What is the precursor of erythrocytes?

A

reticulocytes

31
Q

What is the precursor of platelets?

A

megakaryocyte

32
Q

What cells arise from the lymphoid lineage?

A

Lymphoid DCs
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
NK cells

33
Q

What does a polychromatic blood film suggest?

A

large number of reticulocytes

34
Q

management of iron deficiency anaemia?

A

identify cause of low iron

ferous fumerate iron tablets

35
Q

What does vitamin c do to iron absorption?

A

increases it (keeps it in Fe2+ form)

36
Q

What causes sideroblastic anaemia and causes the characteristic ringed sideroblastic appearance?

A

defect in porphyrin ring production, iron enters the RBC but cant bind to the defective ring

37
Q

What do parietal cells in stomach produce?

A

HCl

IF

38
Q

What do cheif cells in the stomach produce?

A

Pepsin

39
Q

What is ataxia?

A

neurological sign
lack of voluntary coordination of skeletal muscles (problems with coordination balance and speech)
indicates damage to areas that coordinate movement e.g. cerebellum

40
Q

How are thallassemias inherited?

A

autosomal recessive

41
Q

Where are the alpha globin chain genes and how many are there?

A 
chromosome 16
4 genes (2 on each)
42
Q

Where are the beta globin chain genes and how many are there?

A 
chromosome 11
2 genes (1 on each)
43
Q

What happens to the genes in alpha and beta thalassemia?

A

alpha: deletion of gene
beta: point mutation of the gene

44
Q

What does a blood film show in HbBarts/hydrops fetalis?

A

nucleated RBCs in peripheral blood

45
Q

What are haemoglbinopathys?

A

ingerited disorders of haemoglobin sythesis

46
Q

When is HbH found and what is it?

A

alpha thalassemia with 1 alpha gene

tetramers of b chains

47
Q

HbH inclusions

A

alpha thalassaemia HbH disease

48
Q

Raised HbA2 on high performance liquid chromatography?

A

beta thalassemia trait (B+/B) (Bo/B)

A2, Delta2

49
Q

Why is it important to give drugs such as desferrioxamine in those receiving life long transfusions?

A

iron binder
prevents the absorption of dietary iron
prevents iron overload (secondary haemochromatosis)

50
Q

What signs and symptoms are seen in b thallasema major?

A

presents 6-24 months with failure to thrive, pallor and anaemic signs
splenomegaly
skull bossing

51
Q

Blood film of severe thallasemia?

A

hypochromic microcytic cells
target cells
aniosopoikiolytes

52
Q

When is reticulocyte count classically raised?

A

bone marrow is highly active in an attempt to replace red blood cell loss (anaemia caused by blood loss or haemolytic anaemia)

53
Q

What causes aplastic crisis in sickle cell anaemia?

A

parovirus 19

destroys RBCs precursors drastically reducing marrow production (usually self limiting may need transfusion)

54
Q

What drug can be given in sickle cell anaemia to those with frequent crisis?

A

hydroxycarbamide

55
Q

What do spherocytes on blood film indicate?

A

membrane damage to RBC intravascular haemolysis

56
Q

What do red cell fragments on blood film indicate?

A

mechanical damage

57
Q

What do heinz bodies on blood film indicate?

A

oxidative damage

58
Q

Dimer AB

A

IgA

59
Q

Pentamer AB

A

IgM

60
Q

Monomer AB

A

IgD,E,G

61
Q

Philidelphia chromosome?

A

ALL 9:22 translocation seen in ALL more commonly in adults

poor prognosis

62
Q

What does allopurinol do?

A

prevent tumour lysis syndrome

63
Q

What conditions are associated with increased MCV but no anaemia?

A

liver disease
alcohol excess
hypothyroidism

YEAR 4 (27 decks)

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