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Patho > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Making noncarbs into carbs

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2
Q

What 4 things do the kidneys regulate?

A
  1. Water and electrolyte balance
  2. Arterial pressure
  3. Acid-base balance
  4. Vit D production
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3
Q

Important hormone that the kidney produces - responsible for making RBCs

A

Erythropoietin

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4
Q

Kidneys function to excrete __________

A

Metabolic waste

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5
Q

The kidney can control arterial _______

A

BP

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6
Q

Aging = _______ blood flow to kidneys

A

Decrease

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7
Q

Units that extract wastes from the blood and concentrate them in the urine

A

Nephrons

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8
Q

What happens to the # of nephrons as you age?

A

Decrease

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9
Q

Most common electrolyte imbalance

A

Mild hyponatremia

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10
Q

Due to aging, when does urine production occur?

A

Night production

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11
Q

4 common signs of UTI

A
  1. Frequency
  2. Urgency
  3. Incontinence
  4. Nocturia
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12
Q

_____ is an abnormal number of times to urinate at night

A

3+

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13
Q

Inflamed urethra causes

A

Bladder infection

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14
Q

Among the most common bacterial infections

A

UTI

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15
Q

Upper/lower tract UTI locations

A

Upper: kidneys and ureters
Lower: bladder and urethra

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16
Q

2 ways to classify uti

A

Complicated/uncomplicated

Relapsed/recurrent

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17
Q

Can account for 40% of UTIs in health care facilities

A

Urinary catheter placement

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18
Q

3 clinical manifestations of UTI in older adults

A
  1. Malaise
  2. Anorexia
  3. Confusion
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19
Q

Term for inflammation of kidney tissue, calyces and renal pelvis caused by bacterial infection

A

Pyelonephritis

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20
Q

20-30% of diabetics experience…

A

Diabetic nephropathy

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21
Q

What level do you want hgb A1C at?

A

<6.5

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22
Q

a progressive kidney disease caused by damage to the capillaries in the kidneys’ glomeruli

A

Diabetic nephropathy

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23
Q

Term for narrowing of renal artery

A

Renal artery stenosis

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24
Q

Renal artery stenosis causes _____________

A

Decreased renal perfusion

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25
Q

Most common adult renal neoplasm

A

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)

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26
Q

New/abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body

A

Neoplasm

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27
Q

Accounts for 90% of renal tumors

A

RCC

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28
Q

Classic triad of symptoms for RCC

A

Flank pain, hematuria, palpable abdominal mass

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29
Q

How is RCC discovered?

A

CT scan

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30
Q

4 places RCC mets are often found

A
  1. Lungs
  2. Regional lymph nodes
  3. Bones
  4. Liver
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31
Q

What is the single most common finding in RCC?

A

Hematuria

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32
Q

Symptoms that occur at sites distant from a tumor or its metastasis

A

Paraneoplastic symptoms

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33
Q

_____ are produced by RCC tumor

A

Hormones

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34
Q

RCC is associated with _________ symptoms

A

Paraneoplastic

35
Q

Most common malignant kidney neoplasm in children

A

Wilms tumor

36
Q

Wilms tumor is also called…

A

Nephroblastoma

37
Q

When does wilms tumor most often occur?

A

Within first 6 years of life

38
Q

Most common ethnicity for Wilms tumor

A

African american girls

39
Q

__________ play a role in wilms tumor development

A

Molecular genetics

40
Q

When do symptoms start for wilms tumor?

A

Late - grows very large before symptoms start

41
Q

Most common sign of wilms tumor

A

Abdominal mass

42
Q

5year survival rate of wilms tumor is

A

90%

43
Q

Wilms tumor prognosis is _________ in adults

A

Poorer

44
Q

Clinical term for kidney stone

A

Renal caliculi

45
Q

Term for formation of urinary tract stones

A

Nephrolithiasis

46
Q

Where is your “flank”?

A

Muffin top

47
Q

Type of pain caused by kidney stones

A

Renal colic

48
Q

Where is renal colic felt?

A

Flank and upper outer abdominal quadrant pain

49
Q

Where do renal caliculi occur?

A

Ureteropelvic junction

50
Q

What causes renal caliculi to form?

A

When urine contains excess solids (Ca, oxalate, uric acid etc) and urine is unable to dilute/dissolve them

51
Q

Term for gradual kidney function loss

A

Chronic renal failure

52
Q

Name 4 stages of chronic renal failure

A
  1. Diminished renal reserve
  2. Renal insufficiency
  3. Renal failure
  4. End stage renal disease (ESRD)
53
Q

Important treatment of chronic renal failure

A

Restrict dietary protein

54
Q

Common cause of chronic renal failure

A

HTN

55
Q

ESRD patients HR range for exercise

A

40-70% THR or 20 beats above resting

56
Q

2 things to watch for in ESRD patients who you exercise

A
  1. Hypotension

2. Muscle cramping

57
Q

Can you give your ESRD pt water while exercising?

A

Nope

58
Q

two types of dialysis

A

peritoneal

hemodialysis

59
Q

uses the peritoneal cavity as a semipermeable membrane to exchange substances and water between dialysate fluid and blood vessels of abdominal cavity

A

peritoneal dialysis

60
Q

how often is peritoneal dialysis performed?

A

4x daily or overnight

61
Q

arterial blood is circulated thru semipermeable tubing that is surrounded by a dialysate solution in an artificial kidney

A

hemodialysis

62
Q

how often is hemodialysis performed?

A

3x per week for 4 hours

63
Q

can a patient on dialysis perform exercise?

A

yes, during first two hours

64
Q

always test BP in _____ arm for dialysis pts

A

opposite

65
Q

4 signs of bladder cancer

A
  1. hematuria
  2. voiding dysfunction
  3. lymphedema
  4. hepatomegaly
66
Q

enlargement of liver

A

hepatomegaly

67
Q

4 stages of bladder ca

A
  1. limited to mucosal lining
  2. invasion of smooth muscle wall
  3. extends beyond bladder wall
  4. tumor involving prostate with distant mets
68
Q

bladder dysfunction (flaccid or spastic) caused by neurologic damage

A

neurogenic bladder

69
Q

3 types of incontinence

A
  1. stress
  2. urge
  3. overflow
70
Q

when are men likely to have incontinence issues?

A

after prostate issues

71
Q

a high BUN signals…

A

decrease in kidney function

72
Q

normal blood urea nitrogen

A

10-20 mg/dl

73
Q

can be the first sign that something is wrong with the kidneys

A

elevated BUN

74
Q

high uric acid concentration in blood can present as…

A

bad joint pain - gout

75
Q

high uric acid concentration in urine can cause…

A

stones

76
Q

5 renal diagnostic tests

A
  1. renal arteriogram
  2. abdominal - pelvic CT
  3. kidney MRI
  4. cystography
  5. ultrasound
77
Q

inflammation of prostate gland

A

prostatitis

78
Q

BPH

A

benign prostate hypertrophy

79
Q

age-related nonmalignant enlargement of prostate gland

A

BPH

80
Q

inflammation of testis often associated with bacteria and chlamydia

A

orchitis

81
Q

inflammation of the epididymis caused by bacteria

A

epididymitis

82
Q

abnormal twisting of spermatic cord

A

testicular torsion

83
Q

majority of tumors in testicular cancer are __________

A

germ cell tumors

84
Q

metastatic testicular cancer may present as _____

A

LBP

Patho (17 decks)

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