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Patho > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

always ask about the ______

A

cough

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2
Q

air hunger

A

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)

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3
Q

term for a pt that is ashen and sweaty

A

diaphoresis

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4
Q

not enough blood getting to lower leg muscles

A

claudication

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5
Q

claudication is a sign of ____

A

PAD

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6
Q

term for use of bathroom at night

A

nocturina

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7
Q

chest pain due to lack of O2 to myocardial tissue

A

angina

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8
Q

cell death of heart muscle

A

myocardial infarction

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9
Q

4 CV disorders that mimic MS dysfunction

A
  1. angina
  2. MI
  3. pericarditis
  4. dissecting aortic aneurysm
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10
Q

3 major disorders of the myocardium causing insufficient blood supply to the heart

A
  1. ischemic heart disease
  2. coronary heart disease
  3. coronary artery disease
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11
Q

1 cause of morbidity and mortality in US

A

ischemic heart disease

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12
Q

~2 mil middle aged and older people have _____________

A

silent MIs

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13
Q

death rates of ischemic heart disease have ___ due to ______________

A

declined; lifestyle improvements

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14
Q

incidence of ischemic heart disease has ________

A

not decreased

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15
Q

thickening of the arterial wall due to accumulation of cells

A

atherosclerosis

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16
Q

disease termed by narrowing of arteries of heart

A

cardiovascular disease

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17
Q

when the arteries of the heart are narrowed

A

CAD

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18
Q

when the arteries to the brain are narrowed

A

CVD

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19
Q

blood vessels in body are narrowed

A

PAD

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20
Q

15 CAD risk factors

yes 15… sigh

A
  1. smoking
  2. elevated cholesterol
  3. high LDL
  4. HTN
  5. gender
  6. family history
  7. stress
  8. elevated triglycerides
  9. obesity
  10. sedentary
  11. diabetes
  12. low HDL
  13. hormonal status
  14. age
  15. oxidative stress
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21
Q

total body inflammation from diseases

A

oxidative stress

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22
Q

LDL should be below _____

A

100

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23
Q

optimal HDL levels for male and female

A

male: 40+
female: 50+

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24
Q

after menopause, incidence for CAD _______

A

increases

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25
Q

starts in young adulthood and signs/sxs appear later

A

atherosclerosis

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26
Q

normal first sx of CHD

A

angina

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27
Q

most accurate diagnostic/prognostic assessment of CAD

A

echocardiogram

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28
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

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29
Q

balloon system passed through a catheter inserted into an artery

A

PTCA

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30
Q

3 PTCA destinations

A

femoral, brachial, radial arteries

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31
Q

removal of plaque with a rotating blade

A

atherectomy

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32
Q

chest artery or graft used to channel blood around narrowed coronary artery

A

bypass surgery

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33
Q

would you have an elderly person undergo bypass surgery?

A

no

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34
Q

6 sternal precautions

A
  1. no pulling
  2. no pushing
  3. no lifting of 5-10#
  4. no driving
  5. avoid shoulder horizontal abd w ER
  6. if sternum is not stable - no flexion or abd
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35
Q

6 types of angina

A 
chronic stable
new onset
preinfarction (unstable)
postinfarction
prinzmetals
resting
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36
Q

if a pt has new onset angina while they are being treated by you…

A

call 911

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37
Q

classic, exertional angina; occurs at predictable workloads or stress and responds to rest/NTG

A

chronic stable

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38
Q

occurs after MI when residual ischemia triggers an episode

A

postinfarction angina

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39
Q

angina that is a symptom of worsening ischemia

A

unstable angina

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40
Q

caused by coronary artery spasm; early morning at the same time at rest

A

Prinzmetal’s angina (variant, vasospastic)

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41
Q

angina that occurs at rest and is relieved when person sits or stands up

A

resting angina

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42
Q

etiology of angina

A

decrease in O2 supply from artherosclerotic narrowing or spasm

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43
Q

4 triggers of angina

A
  1. exercise
  2. exposure to cold
  3. emotional stress
  4. large meal
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44
Q

angina can be referred to any dermatome from ___ to ____

A

C3-T4

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45
Q

is exercise helpful or harmful for angina treatment/management?

A

helpful

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46
Q

80-90% of MIs result from a _______

A

thrombus (clot)

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47
Q

time of day that MIs frequently occur at

A

early morning

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48
Q

2 classes of patients that are at higher risk for silent ischemia

A

diabetics

postmenopausal women not recieving hormones

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49
Q

7 postinfarction complications

A
  1. dysrrhythmias
  2. CHF
  3. cardiogenic shock
  4. pericarditis
  5. rupture of heart
  6. thrombembolism
  7. recurrent infarction
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50
Q

condition in which your heart suddenly can’t pump enough blood to meet your body’s needs

A

cardiogenic shock

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51
Q

inflammation of sac outside heart

A

pericarditis

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52
Q

HR cap in homecare

A

20 beats above resting

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53
Q

backup of blood causing high pressure in pulmonary capillaries leading to pulmonary congestion and HTN

A

CHF

54
Q

CHF is not a disease. What is it?

A

a group of clinical manifestations caused by inadequate pump performance from cardiac valves or myocardium

55
Q

term for left-sided failure vs right-sided

A

L: CHF
R: Cor Pulmonale

56
Q

when LV can no longer maintain a normal Q (cardiac output)

A

left-sided failure - CHF

57
Q

CHF can turn into

A

pulmonary edema

58
Q

biggest giveaway for CHF

A

3lb weight gain overnight

59
Q

Where do you see weakness for CHF patients?

A

Legs

60
Q

Edema scale

A

1+: indentation barely visible
2+: slight ind, normal in 15s
3+: deeper indentation and returns <30s
4+: indentation lasts for >30s

61
Q

For LVAD:

Blood flows from a tube connected to the __________ into a ____________ implanted in __________.

A

LV
Mechanical pump
Upper abdomen

62
Q

Can all pts with CAD be stented?

A

No

63
Q

LVADs are used before _____________

A

Transplantation

64
Q

Definition of HTN

A

Persistent elevation of BP above 140 OR 90 at least two separate occasions at least 2 weeks apart

65
Q

HTN is regulated by _____ and _____

A

Cardiac output

Total peripheral resistance

66
Q

Force exerted against the walls of the arteries and arterioles

A

Blood pressure

67
Q

Pressure in vessels when heart is relaxed between beats

A

DBP

68
Q

Pressure exerted in arteries when heart contracts

A

SBP

69
Q

At age 55-60, what happens to SBP and DBP?

A

DBP declines or plateaus

SBP increases

70
Q

5 types of HTN

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Labile
  4. Malignant
  5. Isolated systolic HTN
71
Q

Accounts for 90-95% of HTN

A

Primary

72
Q

Intermittent elevation of BP interspersed with normal readings

A

Labile HTN

73
Q

A syndrome w markedly elevated BP and organ damage

A

Malignant HTN

74
Q

Elevated SBP independent of a change in DBP

A

Isolated systolic HTN

75
Q

Risk of _____ doubles with each increment of 20/10 mmHg of increasing BP

A

CVD

76
Q

Goal BP for patients with diabetes or renal disease

A

Less than 130/80

77
Q

HTN is 2x as prevalent and more severe among _____

A

Blacks than whites

78
Q

Is HTN more common in males or females at an earlier age?

A

Men

79
Q

At a later age, is HTN more common in males or females?

A

Females

80
Q

2 main causes for cases of HTN

A

Alcohol, salt sensitivity

81
Q

Most important factor of prevention of HTN

A

Exercise/physical activity

82
Q

an excessive fall in BP when an upright position is assumed

A

Orthostatic hypotension

83
Q

Drop of BP to constitute orthostatic hypotension (quantify it)

A

SBP 20+

DBP + SBP 10+

84
Q

Increase of pulse (#) to constitute orthostatic hypotension

A

15 bpm

85
Q

Group of conditions affecting the heart muscle

A

Cardiomyopathies

86
Q

Cardiomyopathies mainly affect this age group

A

Young adults in 20s-30s

87
Q

Can cardiomyopathy be genetic?

A

Yes - hypertrophic type

88
Q

Cure for cardiomyopathy

A

Cardiac transplantation

89
Q

Disturbance of HR

A

Dysrhythmia

90
Q

Dysrhythmias are classified according to their….(3)

A

Origin, pattern, rate

91
Q

Electronic pulse generator for increased vagal tone, SA and AV block

A

Pacemaker

92
Q

battery-powered device placed under the skin that keeps track of your heart rate

A

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

93
Q

What to do if a pts defibrillator goes off?

A

Call 911

94
Q

For supraventricular and ventricular arrythmias - destruction of area generating abnormal rhythm

A

Radiofrequency catheter ablation

95
Q

an inflammatory disease that can develop as a complication of inadequately treated strep throat or scarlet fever

A

Rheumatic fever

96
Q

Rheumatic fever causes…

A

Heart and valve inflammation

97
Q

What happens to heart valves in rheumatic fever?

A

They become stenosed or regurgitative

98
Q

Infection of endocardium and valves from strep or staph

A

Infective endocarditis

99
Q

Where does infective endocarditis manifest?

A

Mouth, respiratory, GI systems

100
Q

Pts with endocarditis may also show….

A

Arthralgia, arthritis

101
Q

Narrowing of valve

A

Stenosis

102
Q

Aortic stenosis is a disease of ________

A

Aging

103
Q

5 diseases of heart valves

A
  1. Aortic stenosis
  2. Aortic regurgitation
  3. Mitral regurgitation
  4. Mitral stenosis
  5. Mitral valve prolapse
104
Q

blood flows backwards into the heart instead of pumping out

A

aortic regurgitation

105
Q

a condition in which the heart’s mitral valve doesn’t close tightly, which allows blood to flow backward into the L atrium

A

mitral regurgitation

106
Q

the leaflets of the mitral valve bulge (prolapse) upward or back into the left atrium as the heart contracts

A

mitral valve prolapse

107
Q

triad of symptoms for MVP

A

fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea

108
Q

this condition might cause the patient to have an anxiety attack

A

MVP

109
Q

name 2 congenital defects

A
  1. patent ductus arteriosus

2. tetraogy of fallot

110
Q

congenital defect in which the aorta originates from the RV or overrides a hole in the septum

A

tetralogy of fallot

111
Q

does PVD just apply to arteries?

A

no. arteries and veins

112
Q

occlusive arterial disease most prominently affecting the abdominal aorta and the small- and medium-sized arteries of the lower extremities

A

arteriosclerosis obliterans

113
Q

main sign of arteriosclerosis obliterans

A

diminished or absent pulses

114
Q

intermittent episodes of small artery or arteriole constriction producing temporary pallor and cyanosis

A

Raynaud’s Disorder

115
Q

caused by small blood vessels that become inflamed and swollen

A

thromboangiitis obliterans

116
Q

partial or complete occlusion of a vein by a thrombus

A

thrombophlebitis

117
Q

6 signs of DVT

A
  1. dull ache
  2. tight feeling
  3. swelling/warmth in calf or ankle
  4. slight fever
  5. tachycardia
  6. homans sign
118
Q

proximal thrombosis poses a _______ risk for PE

A

greater

119
Q

DVT is a/an ______ emergency

A

acute

120
Q

Gnarled, enlarged veins, most commonly appearing in the legs and feet.

A

varicose veins

121
Q

occurs when damaged valves prevent venous return

A

chronic venous insufficiency

122
Q

abnormal stretching in the wall of an artery, vein or heart

A

aneurysm

123
Q

2 types of aneurysms (locations)

A

thoracic and abnominal

124
Q

which type of aneurysm is more common?

A

abdominal

125
Q

in pts with aneurysm, what must be watched during exercise?

A

SBP

126
Q

in abdominal aneurysm, what is able to be felt by therapist?

A

pulsating mass in supine

127
Q

two types of shock + define

A

cardiogenic: decreased ability to pump blood
hemorrhagic: diminished blood volume

128
Q

3 types of cardiomyopathies

A

restrictive, hypertrophic, dilated

129
Q

most common cardiomyopathy

A

dilated

130
Q

6 risk factors for dilated cardiomyopathy

A

smoking, HTN, obesity, alcohol abuse, pregnancy, infection

131
Q

in LVAD, where does pump propel blood?

A

into aorta

132
Q

6 signs of MI

A
  1. chest pain
  2. pallor
  3. SOB
  4. profuse perspiration
  5. nausea
  6. dizziness/fainting

Patho (17 decks)

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