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Patho > Quiz 1c > Flashcards

Quiz 1c Flashcards

1
Q

3 main portions of respiratory system

A
  1. Upper airway
  2. Lower airway
  3. Terminal alveoli
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2
Q

How many generations of airways are there?

A

26

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3
Q

5 parts of upper airway

A
  1. Nasal cavities
  2. Sinuses
  3. Pharynx
  4. Tonsils
  5. Larynx
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4
Q

3 parts of lower airway (conducting airway)

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchi
  3. Nonrespiratory bronchioles
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5
Q

Describe differences between R and L lungs

A

R: bigger, 3 lobes
L: 2 lobes, lingula, cardiac notch

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6
Q

3 “or”s to classify pulmonary disease

A
  1. Acute or chronic
  2. Obstructive or restrictive
  3. Infectious or noninfectious
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7
Q

Term for coughing up blood

A

Hemoptysis

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8
Q

DOE

A

Dyspnea on exertion

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9
Q

Shortness of breath

A

Dyspnea

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10
Q

Pt can’t sleep flat - sign of pulm and cardiac diseases

A

Orthopnea

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11
Q

Nail beds swollen and rounded

A

Clubbing

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12
Q

Increased respiratory rate

A

Tachypnea

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13
Q

5 common sites for referred pain

A
  1. Chest
  2. Ribs
  3. Upper trap
  4. Shoulder
  5. T spine
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14
Q

Pulmonary pain increases with ______________

A

Inspiratory movements

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15
Q

________ pleura is sensitive to pain; _______ pleura is not sensitive to pain

A

Parietal (rib cage lining); visceral (lines lungs)

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16
Q

Outermost of the pleural membranes

A

Parietal

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17
Q

Thin serous membrane tissue layer than sticks to lung surface

A

Visceral

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18
Q

What’s between visceral and parietal pleura?

A

Pleural cavity

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19
Q

Dificient oxygenation of arterial blood

A

Hypoxemia

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20
Q

Caused by respiratory alterations

A

Hypoxemia

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21
Q

Causes cell death

A

Hypoxemia

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22
Q

Normal PaO2 of blood

A

80-100

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23
Q

Accumulation of fluid in the tissues and air spaces of the lung

A

Pulmonary edema

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24
Q

Most commonly caused by heart disease, especially left ventricular disfunction (LVF)

A

Pulmonary edema

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25
Q

Inflammation affected the parenchyma of the lungs

A

Pneumonia

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26
Q

Pneumonia at the level of the lobes

A

Lobar pneumonia

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27
Q

Pneumonia at the level of bronchioles and alveoli

A

Bronchopneumonia

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28
Q

4 etiologies of pneumonia

A
  1. Bacterial
  2. Viral
  3. Inhalation
  4. Aspiration
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29
Q

Vaccination of this condition is recommended for those over 65, or with chronic disorders, HIV, or poorly controlled DM

A

Pneumonia

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30
Q

4 stages of recovery of pneumonia

A
  1. Consolidation
  2. Red hepatization
  3. Gray hepatization
  4. Resolution
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31
Q

Starts 24 hours after contact with infection; fluid displaces some of the air

A

Consolidation

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32
Q

Blood leaks into air leaks (stage of p)

A

Red hepatization

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33
Q

Caused by breakdown of accumulated RBC (stages of P)

A

Gray hepatization

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34
Q

Can see discolored or bloody sputum; infection is clearing (stages of p)

A

Resolution

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35
Q

PCP

A

Pneunocystis carinii pneumonia

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36
Q

Parasitic infection seen in AIDS

A

PCP

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37
Q

First indicator of conversion from HIV to AIDS

A

PCP

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38
Q

Infectious, inflammatory systemic disease that affects lungs and may disseminate to involve lymph nodes and other organs

A

TB

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39
Q

Characterized by granulomas, caseous necrosis and cavity formation

A

TB

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40
Q

TB: primary infection involves:
Spreads to:
Then travels to:

A
  1. Middle or lower lung area
  2. Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes
  3. Bloodstream
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41
Q

When do signs of TB usually appear?

A

Late - usually after one year

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42
Q

Lung atelectasis

A

Collapsed lung

43
Q

_________ resistant TB is a problem

A

Multidrug

44
Q

Etiology of TB

A

Inhalation of infected airborne particles

45
Q

How long do TB meds need to be taken?

A

6-9 mo

46
Q

How to ID TB on xray

A

Usually round dot

47
Q

Inflammation of the trachea and bronchi

A

Acute bronchitis

48
Q

Acute bronchitis results from (2)

A

Chemicals and viral infections

49
Q

If no treatment, acute bronchitis can lead to

A

Pneumonia

50
Q

3 disorders COPD refers to

A
  1. Obstructive bronchitis
  2. Emphysema
  3. Asthma
51
Q

Goal of COPD treatment

A

Improve PaO2 and decrease CO2 retention; prevent resp infection

52
Q

Productive cough lasting 3 mo

A

Chronic obstructive bronchitis

53
Q

Main causative agent of COB

A

Smoking

54
Q

______________ tends to produce collapse of tissue

A

Forced expiration

55
Q

Obstruction results from changes in lung tissue rather than mucus

A

Emphysema

56
Q

Inflammation of airways causing bronchospasm with SOB and wheezing

A

Asthma

57
Q

Caused by increased reaction of AW to various stimuli

A

Asthma

58
Q

For exercise induced asthma, use ___________ prior to exercise

A

Bronchodilators 20-30 min

59
Q

Nonallergic, adult onset asthma; secondary to chronic infections

A

Intrinsic asthma

60
Q

Allergic asthma

A

Extrinsic asthma

61
Q

Progressive form of obstructive lung disease characterized by irreversible destruction and dilation of AWs associated with chronic bacterial infections

A

Bronchiectasis

62
Q

Pus bags

A

Bronchiectasis

63
Q

Severe inflammation of the lower airways caused by viral infection

A

Bronchiolitis

64
Q

Children under 2 are most commonly affected

A

Bronchiolitis

65
Q

Episodes of cessation of breathing occurring at transition from NREM to REM with repeated wakenings

A

Sleep apnea

66
Q

Sleep apnea defined as…

A

More than 5 cessations for at least 10 sec each per hour

67
Q

Role of CPAP

A

Keeps alveoli inflated so pt gets better gas exchange

68
Q

Limit lung expansion

A

Restrictive lung diseases

69
Q

Autoimmune disease of CT with excessive collagen deposition in skin and internal organs

A

Scleroderma

70
Q

Granulomas throughout body - a collection of macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes taking nodular form

A

Sarcoidosis

71
Q

Excessive fibrous tissue in lung that replace normal tissue due to chronic inflammation

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

72
Q

Multiple rib fractures or fx of the sternum, may cause paradoxical movement of chest

A

Flail chest

73
Q

1 or more fxs of adjacent ribs on the same side

A

Flail chest

74
Q

Group of disorders resulting from inhalation of industrial substances

A

Pneumoconiosis

75
Q

Smaller dust particle =

A

More dangerous

76
Q

Produces mucosal injury via hot gases

A

Smoke inhalation

77
Q

________________ injury in upper airway produces edema and obstruction

A

Thermal

78
Q

Inherited disease of exocrine glands

A

CF

79
Q

CF: altered __________ and __________ channels

A

Chloride; sodium

80
Q

Dehydration with increased viscosity of secretions from mucous glands

A

CF

81
Q

Collapse resulting from removal of air from obstructed or hypoventilated alveoli

A

Obstructive-absorptive type atelectasis

82
Q

Lung collapse due to air, blood or fluid filling the pleural space

A

Compressive type

83
Q

Pulmonary edema is not a

A

Disease

84
Q

Fluid in the lungs which leak into interstitial tissue and in alveoli

A

Pulmonary edema

85
Q

Result of injury to the lung by a variety of disorders

A

ARDS

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

86
Q

Fluids, proteins and cells leak from the capillary; leads to PE and alveolar collapse

A

ARDS

87
Q

Mortality rate of ARDS

A

50-70%

88
Q

Most frequent cause of CA death in the US

A

Lung cancer

89
Q

Two classification of lung CA

A

Small cell lung CA 20%

Non small cell lung CA 90%

90
Q

4 types of primary malignant lung tumors

A

SCLC: oat cell
NSCLC: squamous cell carcinoma, adencarcinoma, large cell carcinoma

91
Q

Lung CA spreads to

A

Bone

92
Q

Cells become so dense that there is almost no cytoplasm

A

Oat cell (small cell)

93
Q

Type of lung CA w poorest prognosis

A

Large cell

94
Q

2 types of lung CA that develop near hilum

A

Small cell, squamous cell

95
Q

2 types of lung CA that arise in periphery

A

Adenocarcinoma, large cell

96
Q

Central lung CA tumors ____________

A

Obstruct airflow

97
Q

Peripheral lung CA tumors only produce pain when

A

Pleura is affected

98
Q

Lung CA tumors of apex invade __________

A

Brachial plexus

99
Q

Lodging of a blood clot in a pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonary embolism

100
Q

Consider the possibility of pulm embolism following ____ and _____ surgery

A

Hip and knee

101
Q

Signs/symptoms of atelectasis (6)

A
  1. Dyspnea
  2. Tachypnea
  3. Cyanosis
  4. Fever
  5. Dec BP
  6. Shock
102
Q

8 signs/symptoms of CF

A
  1. Fatty stools
  2. Meconium ileus at birth
  3. Prolapse of rectum (rectocele)
  4. Risk of impaction
  5. Chronic cough and sputum production
  6. Increased risk of infection
  7. Reduced o2-co2 exchange
  8. Acidosis
103
Q

8 signs/symptoms of COB

A
  1. Cough with mucus
  2. Cyanosis
  3. Prolonged expiration
  4. Recurrent infection
  5. SOB
  6. Hypoxemia
  7. Hypertrophy of mucus producing cells
  8. Air trapping

Patho (17 decks)

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