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Patho > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

cell injury definition:

anything that can

  1. alter ______________ of the cell
  2. cause changes in ____________
  3. affect ability of cell to ____________
A

information content
cell function
maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

term for the body’s response to cell injury

A

inflammation

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3
Q

8 mechanisms of cell injury

A
  1. ischemia
  2. infectious agents
  3. immune rxns
  4. genetic factors
  5. nutritional factors
  6. physical factors
  7. chemical factors
  8. psychosocial factors
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4
Q

hypoxia

A

partial ischemia

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5
Q

anoxia

A

total ischemia

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6
Q

loss of oxygen = decrease in 2 things

A

waste removal; function

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7
Q

2 ways that bacterial infections cause cell injury

A
  1. tissue invasion

2. inflammatory/immunologic reactions induced by bacteria

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8
Q

3 examples of outcomes from infectious agents that cause cell injury

A
  1. gangrene
  2. tetanus
  3. botulism
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9
Q

2 ways viruses kill

A

direct and indirect cytopathic effect

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10
Q

virus kill mechanism in which RNA viruses kill from within

A

direct cytopathic effect

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11
Q

virus kill mechanism in which DNA viruses integrate into cellular genome

A

indirect cytopathic effect

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12
Q

term for microorganisms present in blood stream

A

sepsis

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13
Q

3 consequences of sepsis

A
  1. endothelial cell damage
  2. dec plasma vol
  3. maldistribution of blood flow
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14
Q

3 mechanisms of the immune system for cell injury

A
  1. antibody attachment
  2. complement activation
  3. activation of inflammatory cells
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15
Q

3 things caused by immune reactions

A
  1. over-reactions aka anaphylactic shock
  2. mild allergies
  3. autoimmune disorders (RA, lupus)
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16
Q

3 pathways + examples that genetic factors lead to cell injury via

A
  1. alteration (# or structure) - down syndrome
  2. single mutation - sickle cell
  3. multiple mutation - HTN
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17
Q

what happens when there is an iron deficiency?

A

anemia - hair loss

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18
Q

what happens when there is excessive iron in the body?

A

increases free radical formation

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19
Q

connective tissue symptoms are caused by ______ deficiency

A

vit C

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20
Q

2 examples of physical factors leading to cell injury

A
  1. trauma

2. extremes of physical agents

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21
Q

2 categories of chemical factor-caused cell injury + example

A

direct - mercury

require metabolic transformation into the toxic agent - drug overdose

22
Q

free radical formation is an integral part of __________

A

metabolism

23
Q

oxygen toxicity (oxidative stress) is an example of…

A

free radical

24
Q

oxygen radicals are _____ to cells

25
Q

what needs to be present to ward off the harmful effects of oxygen and its derivatives?

A

antioxidants

26
Q

4 examples of antioxidants

A
  1. vitamin c
  2. vit e
  3. beta-carotene
  4. lycopene
27
Q

antioxidants ________ free radicals and keep them from ____________

A

neutralize; taking electrons from other molecules

28
Q

a good free radical present in all mammals

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

29
Q

too much exercise can cause:

A

DNA damage of leukocytes

30
Q

moderate exercise can cause:

A

protection against DNA damage

31
Q

regular exercise can cause (3)

A

increased NO bioavailability, improved repair reponse, up regulation of antioxidants

32
Q

3 factors that can influence thresholds for tissue adaptation and injury

A
  1. fear
  2. tension
  3. anxiety
33
Q

in reversible cell death, is the nucleus in tact?

34
Q

increased level of ____ and ____ lead to swelling

A

sodium and calcium

35
Q

acute cell damage leads to a decrease in __________ and ___________ leading to further cell damage

A

energy production and waste removal

36
Q

in chronic cell damage, the cell is unable to __________________

A

restore normal homeostasis

37
Q

5 common cellular adaptations in chronic cell injury

A
  1. atrophy
  2. hypertrophy
  3. hyperplasia
  4. metaplasia
  5. dysplasia
38
Q

term for decrease in cell and organ size

39
Q

4 things that cause cell atrophy

A
  1. vascular insufficicency
  2. dec hormone levels
  3. malnutrition
  4. immobilization
40
Q

difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia

A

hypertrophy: inc in cell size
hyperplasia: inc in number of cells

41
Q

example of hyperplasia

A

persistent pressure on skin = callus formation

42
Q

term for change in cell morphology (shape and function)

A

metaplasia

43
Q

term for increase in cell numbers with altered structure and loss of organization

44
Q

when does inflammation begin?

A

when normal tissue is injured via disease or trauma

45
Q

if there is no inflammation, what is also not present?

46
Q

4 mechanisms of injury causing inflammation

A
  1. microbes
  2. traumatic stimulation of mast cells/nerves
  3. trauma causing bleeding
  4. cell death
47
Q

traumatic stimulation of mast cells/nerves releases _________________

A

pro-inflammatory mediators

48
Q

trauma causing bleeding triggers…

A

hemostatic mechanisms

49
Q

microbes stimulate ______________

A

potent inflammatory cells

50
Q

universal & potent stimulator of sterile inflammation in the absence of a microorganism

A

cell death

51
Q

8 common causes of inflammation

A
  1. soft tissue trauma
  2. fx
  3. foreign bodies
  4. autoimmune diseases
  5. microbial agents
  6. chemical agents
  7. thermal agents
  8. irradiation
52
Q

ultimate goal of inflammation process

A

to replace injured tissue with healthy tissue, scar or both

Patho (17 decks)

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