Rehabilitation and Case Management of Offenders Flashcards
Sentencing:
- What is the purpose of sentencing?
L> list the 5 purposes!
- Incapacitation (selective vs collective )
- Retribution
- Deterrence (specific vs general)
- Rehabilitation
- Restoration
Sentencing:
- What is the purpose of sentencing?
1. Incapacitation (selective vs collective )??
- Removal from society
A) Selective: particularly concerned with a person ( the charge is specific)
B) Collective: anyone that commits a certain crime should be incapacitated.
*these have nothing to do with future behaviour
Sentencing:
- What is the purpose of sentencing?
2. retribution?
- payback - The offender needs to feel the punishment for what they have done. This can be specific in some cases bit it can also be general.
Sentencing:
- What is the purpose of sentencing?
3. Deterrence ( gen vs specific)
- A) Specific: make sure a certain person does not commit again
B) We want to make sure other people do not want to commit the crime that “X” has done by making an example out of them.
Sentencing:
- What is the purpose of sentencing?
4. Rehabilitation
- Designing a sentence that may punish them for what they have done but also offers help for changing behaviour etc to lower recidivism risk.
Sentencing:
- What is the purpose of sentencing?
5. Restoration
- Harm to the victims, family and the community needs to be repaired. There are mediated conversations between offender and victim. This is very important with young offenders.
Describe the Fundamental principle on sentencing.
L> mitigating factors?
L> aggravating factors?
- sentence must be proportionate to the gravity of the offence and degree of responsibility of the offender.
L> decrease responsibility
L> increases sentence
In Canada do we have consecutive sentencing or cumulative? Explain your answer.
- Consecutive= if you have a string of offences you are detained for the largest of them (length wise)
- US goes by cumulative! they add them all up! (makes them seem harsher. Setting an example…eg 900 years in prison)
Single Convictions: - _% of cases are these - What is the most common sentence at 40% L> Other kind of conviction at 45%? L> the least common form at 27%?
- 72%
- Probation
L> Fine
L> Prison
Multiple convictions:
- _% of all cases are these
- Which punishment is the most common at 53%?
- Followed by what at 49%?
- And the last on ate 24%?
- 28%
- Prison
- Probation
- fines
Type and length of conviction depends on what two factors?
- nature and amount of crimes
What does the Public think about sentencing and Rehabilitation?
- Canadian Public Opinion surveys? (3)
- offenders are treated too leniently
- not a lot of confidence in our criminal justice system
- support alt to sentencing but only under certain conditions
How is the public informed on crimes occurring?
- media, politicians ….bias information
Is the length of time incarcerated a deterrent for future criminal behaviour?
- NO
- there is no effect on recidivism
- in low risk cases a long sentence can actually increase their risk to re offending because they are surrounded by antisocial influences more so than they originally ever were!
Are early reviews of correctional treatment literature positive?
no
Martinson’s “ Nothing Works” debate?
- they were bias in the ones they examined!
- Palmer and Gendreau responded!
Were reviews of treatment effectiveness in the 1990’s positive?
yes!
Risk-need-Responsivity (RNR) model: The Risk Principle:
- we reliably predict risk for reoffending via?
- low, moderate, high
- probabilistic estimate of risk (% likelihood)
Risk-need-Responsivity (RNR) model: The Risk Principle:
- Match intensity of supervision, case management and intervention to this risk level. What does that mean?
- aka high risks= high intensity intervention?
- If you are at low risk of offending and one imposes high supervision and high intensity intervention you could actually increase in risk of reoffending so establishing what is proper for each individual is essential!
Risk-need-Responsivity (RNR) model: The Need Principle:
- Target empirically based criminogenic needs ( dynamic factors) huuuuh?
- central 8:
L> antisocial attitudes, antisocial peers, issues with employment, substance abuse, family dysfunction - If these are present we need to decrease them via intervention and thereby decrease risk of reoffending
Risk-need-Responsivity (RNR) model: The Responsivity Principle? (The how)
- Specific Responsivity
- General Responsivity
- Deliver intervention in a manner consistent with learning style, strengths and abilities:
L> motivation, cognitive functioning, physical impairments, culture, gender and mental health issues. - Use empirically supported methods for criminal behaviour and MH issues:
L> CBT interventions
L> skill training, social learning methods
Interventions adhering to RNR principles are associated with __ reductions in recidivism than punitive sanctions and interventions that ignore these principles.
- greater
* in other words RNR decreases criminal behaviour
Positive effects of RNR model are most pronounced when used in the context of ____ model. Ex?
- human service model
- ex: non punitive respect, belief in change, prosocial modeling
Stronger effects of RNR model are seen in the ___ than in ___ settings.
- community
- institutional
L> because institutional setting is where there is higher criminal activity/ reinforcers from fellow patients/inmates
RNR applies to who? Does it need more research?
- male and female adult offenders
- adolescent offenders
- needs more research on application to mentally ill offenders
Does RNR model have the highest effect size in comparison to other treatments?
- YES!
RNR to prevent recidivism > Psychotherapy for child > Psychological coping for panic> Psychotherapy for depression> Bypass surgery to prevent..> Chemotherapy to prevent breast..> Aspirin to prevent cardiac events..
The best effect size for treatment is when what is occurring?
- all three principles of RNR are being used in treatment
Challenges to offering treatment? (2)
- Criminalization: person has become criminal
2. Prisonization (Institutionalization) : cannot function in ordinary society
Psychotherapy and Rehabilitation?
- it helps people to alter their maladaptive behaviour, develop adaptive behaviour or both!
- includes both behavioural and cognitive therapy
What are the 8 reasoning and rehabilitation type programs?
- Interpersonal cognitive problem solving skills
- social skills
- self control
- emotional management
- Creative thinking
- Critical reasoning
- Values enhancement
- Meta-cognition
Specialized Interventions:
- Drug and Alcohol Abuse programs?
- includes enhancing motivation; understanding behaviour; coping skills; relapse prevention and life planning
Specialized Interventions:
- Sex Offender Programs
- Intimate Partner Violence Programs
- includes pro feminist group programs, CBT, and couples approaches
Specialized Interventions:
- Programs for general violence?
- includes anger management and multi-target area programs
traditional program
A newer model: Restorative Justice:
- A different way of thinking about crime
L> borrowed from what groups?
- First nations and faith communities
A newer model: Restorative Justice: - A different way of thinking about crime L> Types? (2) 1. sentencing circles 2. circles of support and accountability
- sentencing circles - involve discussions between offenders, victims and members of the community.
- Circles of support and accountability: volunteers from the community (inner circle) are trained by professionals (outer circle). The volunteers form a circle around the offender (core member). The inner circle meets regularly to facilitate the core members practical needs, to provide emotional support, develop pro-social and constrictive strategies to deal with everyday problems and to change the attitudes and behaviours of the core member that me be associated with their offending cycle.
A newer model: Restorative Justice:
- A different way of thinking about crime
What do they focus on?
- repairing harm done to victims and community
- offenders accountability and responsibility
- offers redress for victims, restitution by offenders and reintegration of both within the community.
- achieved via government and community involvement.
A newer model: Restorative Justice:
- A different way of thinking about crime
- What did The Meta analysis by Latimer et al (2005) reveal about recidivism and these?
- small but significant reduction effect on recidivism
