Rehabilitation and Case Management of Offenders

Question 1

Sentencing:
- What is the purpose of sentencing?
L> list the 5 purposes!

Answer 1

1. Incapacitation (selective vs collective )
2. Retribution
3. Deterrence (specific vs general)
4. Rehabilitation
5. Restoration

Question 2

Sentencing:

• What is the purpose of sentencing?
  1. Incapacitation (selective vs collective )??

Answer 2

1. Removal from society
   A) Selective: particularly concerned with a person ( the charge is specific)
   B) Collective: anyone that commits a certain crime should be incapacitated.
   *these have nothing to do with future behaviour

Question 3

Sentencing:

• What is the purpose of sentencing?
  2. retribution?

Answer 3

2. payback - The offender needs to feel the punishment for what they have done. This can be specific in some cases bit it can also be general.

Question 4

Sentencing:

• What is the purpose of sentencing?
  3. Deterrence ( gen vs specific)

Answer 4

3. A) Specific: make sure a certain person does not commit again
   B) We want to make sure other people do not want to commit the crime that “X” has done by making an example out of them.

Question 5

Sentencing:

• What is the purpose of sentencing?
  4. Rehabilitation

Answer 5

4. Designing a sentence that may punish them for what they have done but also offers help for changing behaviour etc to lower recidivism risk.

Question 6

Sentencing:

• What is the purpose of sentencing?
  5. Restoration

Answer 6

5. Harm to the victims, family and the community needs to be repaired. There are mediated conversations between offender and victim. This is very important with young offenders.

Question 7

Describe the Fundamental principle on sentencing.
L> mitigating factors?
L> aggravating factors?

Answer 7

• sentence must be proportionate to the gravity of the offence and degree of responsibility of the offender.
  L> decrease responsibility
  L> increases sentence

Question 8

In Canada do we have consecutive sentencing or cumulative? Explain your answer.

Answer 8

• Consecutive= if you have a string of offences you are detained for the largest of them (length wise)
• US goes by cumulative! they add them all up! (makes them seem harsher. Setting an example…eg 900 years in prison)

Question 9

Single Convictions: 
- _% of cases are these 
- What is the most common sentence at 40% 
L> Other kind of conviction at 45%? 
L> the least common form at 27%?

Answer 9

• 72%
• Probation
  L> Fine
  L> Prison

Question 10

Multiple convictions:

• _% of all cases are these
• Which punishment is the most common at 53%?
• Followed by what at 49%?
• And the last on ate 24%?

Answer 10

• 28%
• Prison
• Probation
• fines

Question 11

Type and length of conviction depends on what two factors?

Answer 11

• nature and amount of crimes

Question 12

What does the Public think about sentencing and Rehabilitation?
- Canadian Public Opinion surveys? (3)

Answer 12

1. offenders are treated too leniently
2. not a lot of confidence in our criminal justice system
3. support alt to sentencing but only under certain conditions

Question 13

How is the public informed on crimes occurring?

Answer 13

• media, politicians ….bias information

Question 14

Is the length of time incarcerated a deterrent for future criminal behaviour?

Answer 14

• NO
• there is no effect on recidivism
• in low risk cases a long sentence can actually increase their risk to re offending because they are surrounded by antisocial influences more so than they originally ever were!

Question 15

Are early reviews of correctional treatment literature positive?

Answer 15

no

Question 16

Martinson’s “ Nothing Works” debate?

Answer 16

• they were bias in the ones they examined!

- Palmer and Gendreau responded!

Question 17

Were reviews of treatment effectiveness in the 1990’s positive?

Answer 17

yes!

Question 18

Risk-need-Responsivity (RNR) model: The Risk Principle:

- we reliably predict risk for reoffending via?

Answer 18

• low, moderate, high

- probabilistic estimate of risk (% likelihood)

Question 19

Risk-need-Responsivity (RNR) model: The Risk Principle:

- Match intensity of supervision, case management and intervention to this risk level. What does that mean?

Answer 19

• aka high risks= high intensity intervention?
• If you are at low risk of offending and one imposes high supervision and high intensity intervention you could actually increase in risk of reoffending so establishing what is proper for each individual is essential!

Question 20

Risk-need-Responsivity (RNR) model: The Need Principle:

- Target empirically based criminogenic needs ( dynamic factors) huuuuh?

Answer 20

• central 8:
  L> antisocial attitudes, antisocial peers, issues with employment, substance abuse, family dysfunction
• If these are present we need to decrease them via intervention and thereby decrease risk of reoffending

Question 21

Risk-need-Responsivity (RNR) model: The Responsivity Principle? (The how)

• Specific Responsivity
• General Responsivity

Answer 21

• Deliver intervention in a manner consistent with learning style, strengths and abilities:
  L> motivation, cognitive functioning, physical impairments, culture, gender and mental health issues.
• Use empirically supported methods for criminal behaviour and MH issues:
  L> CBT interventions
  L> skill training, social learning methods

Question 22

Interventions adhering to RNR principles are associated with __ reductions in recidivism than punitive sanctions and interventions that ignore these principles.

Answer 22

• greater

* in other words RNR decreases criminal behaviour

Question 23

Positive effects of RNR model are most pronounced when used in the context of ____ model. Ex?

Answer 23

• human service model

- ex: non punitive respect, belief in change, prosocial modeling

Question 24

Stronger effects of RNR model are seen in the ___ than in ___ settings.

Answer 24

• community
• institutional
  L> because institutional setting is where there is higher criminal activity/ reinforcers from fellow patients/inmates

Question 25

RNR applies to who? Does it need more research?

Answer 25

- male and female adult offenders - adolescent offenders - needs more research on application to mentally ill offenders

Question 26

Does RNR model have the highest effect size in comparison to other treatments?

Answer 26

- YES! RNR to prevent recidivism > Psychotherapy for child > Psychological coping for panic> Psychotherapy for depression> Bypass surgery to prevent..> Chemotherapy to prevent breast..> Aspirin to prevent cardiac events..

Question 27

The best effect size for treatment is when what is occurring?

Answer 27

- all three principles of RNR are being used in treatment

Question 28

Challenges to offering treatment? (2)

Answer 28

1. Criminalization: person has become criminal | 2. Prisonization (Institutionalization) : cannot function in ordinary society

Question 29

Psychotherapy and Rehabilitation?

Answer 29

- it helps people to alter their maladaptive behaviour, develop adaptive behaviour or both! - includes both behavioural and cognitive therapy

Question 30

What are the 8 reasoning and rehabilitation type programs?

Answer 30

1. Interpersonal cognitive problem solving skills 2. social skills 3. self control 4. emotional management 5. Creative thinking 6. Critical reasoning 7. Values enhancement 8. Meta-cognition

Question 31

Specialized Interventions: | - Drug and Alcohol Abuse programs?

Answer 31

- includes enhancing motivation; understanding behaviour; coping skills; relapse prevention and life planning

Question 32

Specialized Interventions: - Sex Offender Programs - Intimate Partner Violence Programs

Answer 32

- includes pro feminist group programs, CBT, and couples approaches

Question 33

Specialized Interventions: | - Programs for general violence?

Answer 33

- includes anger management and multi-target area programs | traditional program

Question 34

A newer model: Restorative Justice: - A different way of thinking about crime L> borrowed from what groups?

Answer 34

- First nations and faith communities

Question 35

``` A newer model: Restorative Justice: - A different way of thinking about crime L> Types? (2) 1. sentencing circles 2. circles of support and accountability ```

Answer 35

1. sentencing circles - involve discussions between offenders, victims and members of the community. 2. Circles of support and accountability: volunteers from the community (inner circle) are trained by professionals (outer circle). The volunteers form a circle around the offender (core member). The inner circle meets regularly to facilitate the core members practical needs, to provide emotional support, develop pro-social and constrictive strategies to deal with everyday problems and to change the attitudes and behaviours of the core member that me be associated with their offending cycle.

Question 36

A newer model: Restorative Justice: - A different way of thinking about crime What do they focus on?

Answer 36

- repairing harm done to victims and community - offenders accountability and responsibility - offers redress for victims, restitution by offenders and reintegration of both within the community. - achieved via government and community involvement.

Question 37

A newer model: Restorative Justice: - A different way of thinking about crime - What did The Meta analysis by Latimer et al (2005) reveal about recidivism and these?

Answer 37

- small but significant reduction effect on recidivism