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Criminal Behaviour > Chapter 5: Developmental Trends in Criminal Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Developmental Trends in Criminal Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Police- reported crime by age graph (2011) general description of whats up! (3) youth accused? charged?diverted? 2011 vs 2012

A
  • formally being charged as youth includes both diverted and actual sentences.
    -dropped 7% for youth accused since 2011
    -44% charged, 56 diverted (2012)
    _ 43% charged, 57% diverted (2011) *nearly the same..
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2
Q

What does the term diverted youth mean?

A

not formally charged, programs, warnings etc

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3
Q

The Police reported crime, CSI for Youth (2002-12) does/doesn’t mirror the adult one?

A

does mirror

steady decline since 2007

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4
Q

There has been a ______ by _____ since 2002 in the CSI youth graph.

A

decrease, 23%

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5
Q

There has been a _____ in CSI youth violent crime by _____.

A

decrease 3%

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6
Q 
What were the changes in (2011-2012 Youth CSI) : 
major assault 
robbery 
B&E
property 
motor theft
A
  1. decrease, 10%
  2. decrease 8%
  3. 2 % decrease
  4. decrease 10%
  5. decrease 8%
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7
Q

PEI and Yukon both experienced what on the Youth CSI?

A

an increase in crime

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8
Q

YCSI decrease in which provinces?

A

BC, Qc, Nfld

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9
Q

YCSI increase in which parts of canada ?

A

Sk, NWT, N

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10
Q

in Middle school in Toronto (2006) how many middle school kids were charged for at least once for a delinquent crime?

A

1/5
small amount of reoffending
small amount of extreme activity

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11
Q

In the 17th-18th century what was the story with young offenders ?

A

no difference in them and adults for punishment and holding..

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12
Q

The Juvenile Delinquency act (1908), brief description of what it offered. (6)
punishments?
age?
approach?

A
  • 7-16 yr old
  • misguided children need guidance and support
  • parental disciplinary approach to punishments
  • not severe crimes
  • simple court hearings not super formal
  • severe crimes youth could be transferred to adult court
  • punishments include: probation, industrial school, no penalty
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13
Q

Cons to the JDA?(3)

A
  1. services were not always available
  2. some youth were denied their rights
    ex: appeal, open ended probation, denied right to counsil…
  3. definition of delinquency was too broad!
    could it be running away? ungovernable behaviour? drinking alcohol? (not chargeable for adults..)
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14
Q

Female youth are more likely to be brought in for what vs males with which it would slide?

A

uncontrollable behaviour

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15
Q

Young Offenders Act (YOA, 1984) diff from JDA (5)

A
  1. hold youth accountable and protect society
  2. respects developmental differences of youths and adults and their rights
  3. 12-17 age of criminal responsibility
  4. diversion programs
  5. sanctions- range from absolute discharge to custody (open/secure)
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16
Q

If you were the age 14 or above your case under the YOA could be _________ to_____ if it was very severe.

A

transferred, adult court

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17
Q

Sanctions?

A

fine, prohibition order, community service or custody or absolute discharge or probation.

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18
Q

Open Custody?

A

group home, child care, wilderness camp **never served in your house.

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19
Q

Secure Custody?

A

incarcerated in a secure facility

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20
Q

When was the peak of violent crime with youth?

A

1988-1995

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21
Q

The YOA did…..

i& ii)when 16-17…and murder…

A

-increase sentence length
-murder= 10 years (max 6 in prison)
-2nd degree murder 7 years (max 4 in prison)
I) turned over to adult court
ii)also could be turned down to youth if rehabilitation seemed possible.

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22
Q

Cons of the YOA?

A

sentences too light
arbitrary handling of transfer to adult courts
continued disagreement over min age of cr

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23
Q

YOA pro?

A

increased rate of diversion, emphasis on rehab
held more accountable
more formal

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24
Q 
Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA, 2003) (7) 
sentences? 
alts?
measures?
custody?
adult sentencing ?
victims?
A

tougher on more serious crime but more community measures for less serious crime.
-proportionate sentences
-least restrictive alternatives
-more extrajudicial measures
-restriction in the use of custody- most serious and persistent offenders
-new non-custodial sentencing options (therapy)
-Adult sentencing in Youth court, greater role for victims
age= 12-17
rehabilitation of youth and integration into the community!*

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25
Q

After the YCJA police are required to do consider what ??

A

alt measures such as warning, caution, referral to treatment (extrajudicial ) instead of formal charges for first timers and less severe crimes.

26
Q

What are the two pathways to delinquency? (terrie moffitt- 1993)

A

Adolescent-limited pathway

Life-course persistent pathway

27
Q 
Limited Pathway? 
behaviour? 
maturity?
temporal?
peak?
motive?
percentage ?
A 
high rates of antisocial behaviour during adolescence, arguably normative (70%) aka crimes are adult norms 
maturity gap 
desists by early adulthood 
peaks= 15-17, mostly non violent 
usually only when they gain something! 
research in 1999 supports it. 
24% youths fall into this
28
Q

Stats on male and female young offenders engaging in delinquent behaviour?

A 
males = 91%
female= 86%
29
Q 
Life-Course Persistent Pathway? 
behaviour 
% youth 
time frame 
types of crime 
research? 
re offending? 
crime ?
A

antisocial behaviour starts in early child hood and persists into adolescence and adulthood.
most serious and diverse crimes are here
inherited or acquired subtle neurological deficits.
some research supports it
5-10% youths are here
high risk for repeat offending
likely to commit victim , violent orientated crime.

30
Q

Neurological Deficits in LCPP?

A

hyperactivity, diff in anticipating consequences, trouble recognizing emotions, not able to deal with impulse control, use aggression to solve issues.

31
Q

Ktratzer and Hodgins (1999) tested the pathways theory. (7101 males, 6751 females) (6)

A

-stable early starters
-adolescence limited
-adult starters
-discontinuous offenders
-male early starters=more crimes, diverse, childhood problems and lower IQ
may not carry over to females.

32
Q

Alternative Developmental Pathways to Delinquency - Rolf Loeber:
Overt
Authority Conflict
Covert

A
  1. starts with minor aggression—> physical fighting—-> violence
  2. begins with stubborn behaviour—> defiance—-> authority avoidance
  3. starts with minor covert behaviours—-> property damage—> more serious forms of property crimes..
33
Q

Boys and lober’s pathways? (6)

A

up to age 12 (authority)
stages may not be linear
Persisters: entering in the first stages
experimenters: entering at the second or third stage.
only been used on males
it suggests we shouldn’t ignore early warning signs…

34
Q

Biological Factors of Delinquency?(4)

A 
poor prenatal care
prenatal exposure to drugs/alcohol
poor nutrient, exposure to lead
temperament 
**elevate antisocial behaviour
35
Q

Cognitive and Neuropsychological factors of delinquency? (3)

A

antisocial and hostile attitudes
social information processing deficits
poor problem solving skills and impulsivity

36
Q

Family Factors for delinquency? (7)

A 
divorse (fam instability) 
poor quality parent child relationship
poor parental monitoring/supervision 
*over protection 
parental substance abuse/criminality. 
low family SES, large family size and parental mental health problems. 
abusive and marital violence..
*higher punishment can cause increased crime risk
37
Q

Substance Abuse factor for delinquency ?

A

use of drugs/alcohol….once it moves past experimentation…impairs judgement , lowers inhibition…. 50% youth have abuse issues…… 1/2 engage in crime before such abuse.

38
Q

What % of youth are tested positive for drugs during first arrest?

A

60-70%

39
Q

School Factors for delinquency?

A

underachievement / behaviour problems , low IQ, school environment creates frustration…opportunity for negative peer influences

40
Q

Social/External Factors of delinquency?

A

association with antisocial peers
social disapproval and peer rejection
ineffective use of leisure time
around ages 12-17 peers have a high influence!

41
Q

The central 8 risk factors are?
Big four
moderate four

A
  1. history of antisocial behaviour
    - antisocial personality
    - antisocial cognitions
    - antisocial peers
  2. family problems
    - school problems
    - limited prosocial activities
    - substance abuse
42
Q

Characteristics of the big four?

A

impulsivity, lack of control, lack of empathy, restlessness, thrill seeking, aggression, attitudes, values and beliefs that influence criminal behaviour (rationalizing crime)
+/- peers reinforce these!

43
Q

Characteristics of the moderate factors?

A

family probs, school probs, limited prosocial activities and subs abuse.

44
Q

What are the Mental Health concerns in YO?

A
  1. higher rate of MD than in the gen population
  2. Emotional problems (depression anxiety)
  3. Behavioural problems?
45
Q

Behavioural Problems and MH in YO?

A

Oppositional Defiant Disorder -pattern of negative or hostile and defiant
Conduct Disorder-very serious, aggression, bullying, intimidating others, sexual aggression and physical. Property damage, lying and stealing..about 12 months… 60%=boys, 70%= girls
Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder
Hyperactivity Impulsivity inattentions - excessive age inappropriate lvl of inattention, restlessness , hyperactivity and impulsivity …at least 6 months
20-30 % have this……..2%= gen prob
1/2 kids with ocd or cd for a mri

46
Q

how much % do ppl with ODD have to get other disorders?

A

40%….50% will develop antisocial personality disorders.

47
Q

Agnew (1990) - What leads you to…

A

curiosity, fight , social pressure and boredom

48
Q

Howell, Reddon and Enns (1997)- what led you to this?

A

curiosity, thrill, conflict, social, pressure and boredom..
n=115
1. - emotional states perceive lack of social support.
2. delinquent orientation , afflicting with deviant peer groups and use of alcohol and drugs
3. aggressive deposition
violent crimes= retaliation

49
Q

Who reoffends more males or females? Gap presently?

A

Males>females…..females are closing the gap!

50
Q

General young offenders are ?

A

30-52% re-offend 6 months after release! 1/3-1/2

51
Q

Serious/violent young offenders reoffending?

A

73% high risk youths reoffend in 1-3 1/2 years (80% do so nonviolently, 20% violently)

52
Q

Long Term Follow-ups of 10-13 years for reoffending risks?

A

68-97% commit a new offence

53
Q

Resilient Youths?

A

kids with the risk factors but do not offend.

54
Q

Protective Factors - Rutter (1990) 4

A
  1. change the likelihood of a youth’s exposure to risk factor.
  2. Change the - chain reaction following exposure to the risk.
  3. Help develop and maintain self esteem/self-efficacy
  4. Create opportunity to youth / he/she would not otherwise have.
55
Q

Protective Factors - 3 Categories?

A

1.Individual Protective Factor?
resilient temperament ( ex: prosocial values , good social skills and competencies )
2. Family Protective factors: positive parent child relationship, consistent parenting and support.
3. Social/external protective favours.

56
Q

Abstention?

A

those that do not commit crimes (6-7%)

57
Q

Moffitt (2005) Abstention? (6)

A
  1. over controlled and traditional
  2. tend not to fit in with peers–> less likely to associate with antisocial peers.
  3. calmer and more passive
  4. unusually good students –> compliant students
  5. high level of attachment to teachers.
  6. not nec sad or depressed –? more prosocial friends!
    * do not date as much as yo do…
58
Q

Not so effective treatment of YO?

A
  1. self esteem building and boot camps (ex: turnaround)
59
Q

More effective magic?

A
  1. parental training,
  2. cog and social skills training
  3. fam therapy
  4. target multiple criminogenic needs to wrap around inventions…
60
Q

Boot campe staff to family ratio?

A

2 staff: 1 offender

61
Q

Multi-systemic Therapy (MST) - Henggeler..

A

an intensive family based treatment.
targets all risk areas for intervention home, school, full time on call mst working.
25-70% decrease in long term rates vs re-arrest…

Criminal Behaviour (20 decks)

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