Chapter 5: Developmental Trends in Criminal Behaviour Flashcards
Police- reported crime by age graph (2011) general description of whats up! (3) youth accused? charged?diverted? 2011 vs 2012
- formally being charged as youth includes both diverted and actual sentences.
-dropped 7% for youth accused since 2011
-44% charged, 56 diverted (2012)
_ 43% charged, 57% diverted (2011) *nearly the same..
What does the term diverted youth mean?
not formally charged, programs, warnings etc
The Police reported crime, CSI for Youth (2002-12) does/doesn’t mirror the adult one?
does mirror
steady decline since 2007
There has been a ______ by _____ since 2002 in the CSI youth graph.
decrease, 23%
There has been a _____ in CSI youth violent crime by _____.
decrease 3%
What were the changes in (2011-2012 Youth CSI) : major assault robbery B&E property motor theft
- decrease, 10%
- decrease 8%
- 2 % decrease
- decrease 10%
- decrease 8%
PEI and Yukon both experienced what on the Youth CSI?
an increase in crime
YCSI decrease in which provinces?
BC, Qc, Nfld
YCSI increase in which parts of canada ?
Sk, NWT, N
in Middle school in Toronto (2006) how many middle school kids were charged for at least once for a delinquent crime?
1/5
small amount of reoffending
small amount of extreme activity
In the 17th-18th century what was the story with young offenders ?
no difference in them and adults for punishment and holding..
The Juvenile Delinquency act (1908), brief description of what it offered. (6)
punishments?
age?
approach?
- 7-16 yr old
- misguided children need guidance and support
- parental disciplinary approach to punishments
- not severe crimes
- simple court hearings not super formal
- severe crimes youth could be transferred to adult court
- punishments include: probation, industrial school, no penalty
Cons to the JDA?(3)
- services were not always available
- some youth were denied their rights
ex: appeal, open ended probation, denied right to counsil… - definition of delinquency was too broad!
could it be running away? ungovernable behaviour? drinking alcohol? (not chargeable for adults..)
Female youth are more likely to be brought in for what vs males with which it would slide?
uncontrollable behaviour
Young Offenders Act (YOA, 1984) diff from JDA (5)
- hold youth accountable and protect society
- respects developmental differences of youths and adults and their rights
- 12-17 age of criminal responsibility
- diversion programs
- sanctions- range from absolute discharge to custody (open/secure)
If you were the age 14 or above your case under the YOA could be _________ to_____ if it was very severe.
transferred, adult court
Sanctions?
fine, prohibition order, community service or custody or absolute discharge or probation.
Open Custody?
group home, child care, wilderness camp **never served in your house.
Secure Custody?
incarcerated in a secure facility
When was the peak of violent crime with youth?
1988-1995
The YOA did…..
i& ii)when 16-17…and murder…
-increase sentence length
-murder= 10 years (max 6 in prison)
-2nd degree murder 7 years (max 4 in prison)
I) turned over to adult court
ii)also could be turned down to youth if rehabilitation seemed possible.
Cons of the YOA?
sentences too light
arbitrary handling of transfer to adult courts
continued disagreement over min age of cr
YOA pro?
increased rate of diversion, emphasis on rehab
held more accountable
more formal
Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA, 2003) (7) sentences? alts? measures? custody? adult sentencing ? victims?
tougher on more serious crime but more community measures for less serious crime.
-proportionate sentences
-least restrictive alternatives
-more extrajudicial measures
-restriction in the use of custody- most serious and persistent offenders
-new non-custodial sentencing options (therapy)
-Adult sentencing in Youth court, greater role for victims
age= 12-17
rehabilitation of youth and integration into the community!*
After the YCJA police are required to do consider what ??
alt measures such as warning, caution, referral to treatment (extrajudicial ) instead of formal charges for first timers and less severe crimes.
What are the two pathways to delinquency? (terrie moffitt- 1993)
Adolescent-limited pathway
Life-course persistent pathway
Limited Pathway? behaviour? maturity? temporal? peak? motive? percentage ?
high rates of antisocial behaviour during adolescence, arguably normative (70%) aka crimes are adult norms maturity gap desists by early adulthood peaks= 15-17, mostly non violent usually only when they gain something! research in 1999 supports it. 24% youths fall into this
Stats on male and female young offenders engaging in delinquent behaviour?
males = 91% female= 86%
Life-Course Persistent Pathway? behaviour % youth time frame types of crime research? re offending? crime ?
antisocial behaviour starts in early child hood and persists into adolescence and adulthood.
most serious and diverse crimes are here
inherited or acquired subtle neurological deficits.
some research supports it
5-10% youths are here
high risk for repeat offending
likely to commit victim , violent orientated crime.
Neurological Deficits in LCPP?
hyperactivity, diff in anticipating consequences, trouble recognizing emotions, not able to deal with impulse control, use aggression to solve issues.
Ktratzer and Hodgins (1999) tested the pathways theory. (7101 males, 6751 females) (6)
-stable early starters
-adolescence limited
-adult starters
-discontinuous offenders
-male early starters=more crimes, diverse, childhood problems and lower IQ
may not carry over to females.
Alternative Developmental Pathways to Delinquency - Rolf Loeber:
Overt
Authority Conflict
Covert
- starts with minor aggression—> physical fighting—-> violence
- begins with stubborn behaviour—> defiance—-> authority avoidance
- starts with minor covert behaviours—-> property damage—> more serious forms of property crimes..
Boys and lober’s pathways? (6)
up to age 12 (authority)
stages may not be linear
Persisters: entering in the first stages
experimenters: entering at the second or third stage.
only been used on males
it suggests we shouldn’t ignore early warning signs…
Biological Factors of Delinquency?(4)
poor prenatal care prenatal exposure to drugs/alcohol poor nutrient, exposure to lead temperament **elevate antisocial behaviour
Cognitive and Neuropsychological factors of delinquency? (3)
antisocial and hostile attitudes
social information processing deficits
poor problem solving skills and impulsivity
Family Factors for delinquency? (7)
divorse (fam instability) poor quality parent child relationship poor parental monitoring/supervision *over protection parental substance abuse/criminality. low family SES, large family size and parental mental health problems. abusive and marital violence.. *higher punishment can cause increased crime risk
Substance Abuse factor for delinquency ?
use of drugs/alcohol….once it moves past experimentation…impairs judgement , lowers inhibition…. 50% youth have abuse issues…… 1/2 engage in crime before such abuse.
What % of youth are tested positive for drugs during first arrest?
60-70%
School Factors for delinquency?
underachievement / behaviour problems , low IQ, school environment creates frustration…opportunity for negative peer influences
Social/External Factors of delinquency?
association with antisocial peers
social disapproval and peer rejection
ineffective use of leisure time
around ages 12-17 peers have a high influence!
The central 8 risk factors are?
Big four
moderate four
- history of antisocial behaviour
- antisocial personality
- antisocial cognitions
- antisocial peers - family problems
- school problems
- limited prosocial activities
- substance abuse
Characteristics of the big four?
impulsivity, lack of control, lack of empathy, restlessness, thrill seeking, aggression, attitudes, values and beliefs that influence criminal behaviour (rationalizing crime)
+/- peers reinforce these!
Characteristics of the moderate factors?
family probs, school probs, limited prosocial activities and subs abuse.
What are the Mental Health concerns in YO?
- higher rate of MD than in the gen population
- Emotional problems (depression anxiety)
- Behavioural problems?
Behavioural Problems and MH in YO?
Oppositional Defiant Disorder -pattern of negative or hostile and defiant
Conduct Disorder-very serious, aggression, bullying, intimidating others, sexual aggression and physical. Property damage, lying and stealing..about 12 months… 60%=boys, 70%= girls
Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder
Hyperactivity Impulsivity inattentions - excessive age inappropriate lvl of inattention, restlessness , hyperactivity and impulsivity …at least 6 months
20-30 % have this……..2%= gen prob
1/2 kids with ocd or cd for a mri
how much % do ppl with ODD have to get other disorders?
40%….50% will develop antisocial personality disorders.
Agnew (1990) - What leads you to…
curiosity, fight , social pressure and boredom
Howell, Reddon and Enns (1997)- what led you to this?
curiosity, thrill, conflict, social, pressure and boredom..
n=115
1. - emotional states perceive lack of social support.
2. delinquent orientation , afflicting with deviant peer groups and use of alcohol and drugs
3. aggressive deposition
violent crimes= retaliation
Who reoffends more males or females? Gap presently?
Males>females…..females are closing the gap!
General young offenders are ?
30-52% re-offend 6 months after release! 1/3-1/2
Serious/violent young offenders reoffending?
73% high risk youths reoffend in 1-3 1/2 years (80% do so nonviolently, 20% violently)
Long Term Follow-ups of 10-13 years for reoffending risks?
68-97% commit a new offence
Resilient Youths?
kids with the risk factors but do not offend.
Protective Factors - Rutter (1990) 4
- change the likelihood of a youth’s exposure to risk factor.
- Change the - chain reaction following exposure to the risk.
- Help develop and maintain self esteem/self-efficacy
- Create opportunity to youth / he/she would not otherwise have.
Protective Factors - 3 Categories?
1.Individual Protective Factor?
resilient temperament ( ex: prosocial values , good social skills and competencies )
2. Family Protective factors: positive parent child relationship, consistent parenting and support.
3. Social/external protective favours.
Abstention?
those that do not commit crimes (6-7%)
Moffitt (2005) Abstention? (6)
- over controlled and traditional
- tend not to fit in with peers–> less likely to associate with antisocial peers.
- calmer and more passive
- unusually good students –> compliant students
- high level of attachment to teachers.
- not nec sad or depressed –? more prosocial friends!
* do not date as much as yo do…
Not so effective treatment of YO?
- self esteem building and boot camps (ex: turnaround)
More effective magic?
- parental training,
- cog and social skills training
- fam therapy
- target multiple criminogenic needs to wrap around inventions…
Boot campe staff to family ratio?
2 staff: 1 offender
Multi-systemic Therapy (MST) - Henggeler..
an intensive family based treatment.
targets all risk areas for intervention home, school, full time on call mst working.
25-70% decrease in long term rates vs re-arrest…
