An indirect form of Aggression: Stalking

Question 0

What disorders are found to be a consequence of stalking? Also what does it put victims at risk for?

Answer 0

• Anxiety
• PTSD
• Suicide

Question 1

When did stalking become a crime in Canada?Define it!

Answer 1

• 1993, including cyber stalking

- putting someone in a state of fear- chronically

Question 2

Describe how victims of stalking feel!

Answer 2

• intense helplessness and lack of control

Question 3

Stalking is a form of indirect violence, what can this escalate to?

Answer 3

• intimidation but can lead into direct violence

Question 4

There has been a ___% increase in harassment since 1993 - 1955.

Answer 4

• 40%

Question 5

In Canada, / stalking cases result in charges. When charges are laid only / stick, most get withdrawn or stayed.

Answer 5

• 1/2

- 1/2

Question 6

Criminal Harassment (CC246) for stalking, Describe it!
L> Maximum Sentence?

Answer 6

• being followed, repeatedly contacted or watched at home/work, to the point that it gives the victim good reason to fear for his/her personal safety or of their families.
  L> 10 years

Question 7

When offenders are convicted of stalking, a sentence that is over 6 months only occurs __% of the time.

Answer 7

• 4

Question 8

Offenders of stalking can be placed in custody for ___. The law does not tend to lead to a lot of prosecution, why?

Answer 8

• 1 month

- Harder to prove

Question 9

What can the police do in stalking situations?Does it tend to be enough?

Answer 9

• Court order of victim, placing a restraining order from the convicted. If breached the police can act.
• It never tends to be enough to stop the situation.

Question 10

Stalking represents about __% of violent crime in Canada.

Answer 10

• 4

Question 11

Victim Perspective:

• About _% of women and _% of men are stalked
• _% of women who reported being stalked were stalked by a current or former partner.

Answer 11

• 8% and 2%

- 56%

Question 12

About __% of stalking victims are under the age of 34.

Answer 12

• 58%

Question 13

Do most victims know their stalker?

Answer 13

• YES

Question 14

When are victims most vulnerable for stalking behaviour in their life to occur?

Answer 14

When the victim and the abuser end a relationship that is when there is the greatest risk for stalking behaviour to begin.

Question 15

Males are usually stalked by who?

Answer 15

• causal acquaintance and likely another male

Question 16

A victim is generally stalked for about __ years on average.

Answer 16

• 1.8

Question 17

Are there gender differences in the duration of stalking behaviours? What about gender differences in perpetrator vs victim?

Answer 17

• NO

- Most stalkers = males and most victims= females

Question 18

How common are female stalkers?
L> Who are they likely to target?
L> How much violence is generally used?

Answer 18

• 12%
• more likely to target someone they know
• less likely to use violence

Question 19

How common are male stalkers?
L> Who are they most likely to stalk?
L> How common is violence used?

Answer 19

• 88%
• less likely to target other men
• more likely to use violence

Question 20

Is weapon use common in the dynamics of stalking?

Answer 20

• no

- usually threats, repeated behaviour etc

Question 21

In 2009 how many people reported to have suffered from physical injury(minor) as a result from stalking?

Answer 21

• 2%

Question 22

What were the stalking categorizations Mullen et al (2000) purposed? (6) Also what were they based on?

Answer 22

1. Rejected stalkers
2. Intimacy Stalkers
3. Eroto-manic Stalkers
4. Incompetent Suitor Stalkers
5. Resentful stalkers
6. Predatory Stalkers
   - based on the motives of the offender and the context.

Question 23

Stalkers Categorizations - Mullen et al. (2000)

1. Rejected Stalkers

Answer 23

1. Respond to an unwelcome end to a close relationship by actions intended to lead reconciliation, an extraction of reparation from the victim or both. The behaviour maintains some semblance of continued contact and relationship with the victim.
   * Most persistent stalker…… sense of loss, frustration, jealousy, depression, hostility

Question 24

Stalkers Categorizations - Mullen et al. (2000)

2. Intimacy Seekers Stalkers ?

Answer 24

2. They pursue someone they have little, if any, relationship with in the mistaken belief that they are loved, or inevitably will be loved by the victim. The stalking satisfies needs for contact and closeness while feeding the fantasies of an eventual loving relationship.
   * they write letters, give gifts etc…interpret any response as agreement; they believe the victim owes them

Question 25

Stalkers Categorizations - Mullen et al. (2000)

3. Erotoc-manic Stalkers?

Answer 25

3. They believe the victim is in love with them….and usually targets a celebrity

Question 26

Stalkers Categorizations - Mullen et al. (2000)

4. Incompetent Suitor Stalkers?

Answer 26

4. They seek a partner. Given their ignorance or indifference to the usual courting rituals they use methods that are, at best, counterproductive and at worst terrifying. The stalking provides an approximation of finding a partner
   - they are socially awkward, feel entitled to the victim, not likely to become violent, not infatuated with the victim but sexually attracted , all about them and will stop when confronted.

Question 27

Stalkers Categorizations - Mullen et al. (2000)

5.Resentful Stalkers ?

Answer 27

5. They respond to a perceived insult or injury by actions aimed not just at revenge but at vindication. The stalking is an act of vengeance.

Question 28

Stalkers Categorizations - Mullen et al. (2000)

6. Predatory Stalkers ?

Answer 28

6. They pursue their desires for sexual gratification and control. The stalking is a rehearsal for the stalker’s violent sexual fantasies and a partial satisfaction of voyeuristic and sadistic desires.
   - tend to have a history of sexual assault

Question 29

Rosenfeld and Harmon (2002):

Violent outcomes occur in _% of stalking cases.

Answer 29

• 34%

Question 30

Rosenfeld and Harmon (2002) :

What are the characteristics related to violence? (3 categories) Explain each.

Answer 30

1. Offenders Variables: under 30 years of age, less than high school education and non-Caucasian.
2. Clinical Variables: substance abuse, below average IQ, absence of psychotic disorder.
3. Case-related variables: former intimate relationship with the victim and making threats against the victim.

Question 31

Chart 1.2:

Assault level 1 is the most common offence against who?Stalking is more commonly committed against who?

Answer 31

• current and former spouses.

- ex-spouses

Question 32

Are many stalkers aware of how bad their behaviours are?

Answer 32

• NO

- they do not think their behaviour is bad, just that it is misunderstood.

Question 33

/ women will be stalked at some point in their life.
/ men will be stalked at some point in their life.
(US stats)

Answer 33

• 1/12

- 1/45