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Criminal Behaviour > Chapter 1: The Context Of Criminal behaviour In Canada (lecture And Text) > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Context Of Criminal behaviour In Canada (lecture And Text) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 perspectives on crime?

A
  1. Statistical
    1. Philosophical
    2. Anthropological
    3. Sociological
    4. Biological
    5. Developmental
    6. Psychological
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2
Q

The Criminal Code of Canada contains what?

A
  1. definitions of legal terms
    1. rules for legal prodedures and forms
    2. listing of each criminal offence and the associaed punishment options
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3
Q

What are not covered under the criminal code of canada?

A

accidental crimes! They have to be intentional to be under this..

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4
Q

What is the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey (UCR)?

A
  • made by stats canada and canadian association of chiefs of police
    • since 1962
    • it only reflects the crimes reported to the police and substantiated via investigation to the point charges were laid.
      ex: Incident based UCR2 Survey
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5
Q

Whats the most common crime in canada since 1962?

A

property crime

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6
Q

How does the media provide a bias view on crime?

A

-they only seem to expose and blow up violent crime occurrance or when the system fails

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7
Q

How much of a decrease in crime has there been in 2012?

A

3%

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8
Q

What is the Crime Severity Index? (CSI)

A

-1998

- weighs offences by its sentence then divided by the population of the data source.
- standardized
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9
Q

Traditionally what part of canada has the highest severity index?

A

the territories
-due to underserviced population, isolation which creates certain challenges for how they deal with crime and occurrence.

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10
Q

In 2012 what was the main reason New Brunswicks severity index increased?

A

-murders ocrrurred which have a high severity and brough up the overal index

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11
Q

Violent crime accounts for how much of all crime in Canada?

A

~20%

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12
Q

What is the most common form of violent crime?

A

assualt

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13
Q

Violent crime has been gradually _________ since 1993 but the rates are still ________ than 25 years ago.

A
  1. declining

2. higher

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14
Q

What part of canada has the highest rate for homicide?

A

Nunavut

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15
Q

The highest province for homocide in 2011

A

Manitoba

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16
Q

The lowest CSI in Canada is in ?

A

Toronto

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17
Q

The highest CSI in 2012 was for?

A

British Columbia

because of warmth; migration occurs……homeless

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18
Q

Majority (98%) of all sexual assualt crimes reported in canada were considered to be the ?

A

lowest severity of these types of offences..

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19
Q

There was an overall _______ of ___% from 2011 mostly for ________.\

A
  1. decline
    1. 3%
    2. aggravated sexual assualt
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20
Q

There was a ____ increase in sexual violations against ______ and a ______ increase in _________ charges.

A

3%, 40%, child pornography

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21
Q

How does networking dramatically reduce these types of crime when one offender is taken down?

A

Networking is the term used to describe the relationship between many other offenders. When one is caught that one is usually linked to many others; therefore, allowing them to track these others down and catch them.

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22
Q

Under estimates of sexual natured crimes is due to?

A

the lack of actually reports filed for this type of crime.

23
Q

Four out of every five crimes reported are?

A

Nonviolent crimes such as: theft, mischief and B&E.

24
Q

There has been a steady decline of which type of nonviolent crime?

A

B&E….. 2011: 56% less than what was seen 10 years ago..

25
Q

In 2011 there was an increase in what type of crime related to drug use?

A

Impaired driving..

26
Q

What kind of drug offence is the most common in Canada ?

A

Cannabis

27
Q

An initial survey report done in 1994 on drug use was followed up in 2004. This found what kind of changes in life time use?

A

In 1994= 28%

In 2004= 45%

28
Q

What are the most common drugs abused?

A

weed, crack, speed, heroin

29
Q

The highest rate of drug related crimes occur in what two provinces? What drug is the most common in each?

A

British Columbia: cannabis

Saskatchewan: cocaine

30
Q

What are the current theories to explain the decrease in crime in North America? (7)

A
  1. Changing policing styles and practices: a lot more community based and intelligent policing.
  2. Changing age composition of the population
  3. Changing economic structure/inflation: less poverty aka less drive to commit crime. *does not however describe non-financial crime.
  4. Increase incarceration rates (not in canada) : incarceration actually typically increases re-offending
  5. Changes in illegal drug trade: more sophisticated as to how we target them. **but so are the offenders.
  6. Changing social values- reduced tolerance, increase respect for social institutions, anti-violence beliefs: social norms have changed on what is actually viewed as criminal.
  7. Changes in legislation: looking for other ways of dealing with a crime without being charged formally.
31
Q

What is an important fact to consider when interpreting crime rate statistics?

A

they don’t capture all offenders and crimes…

32
Q

Crime Funnels? Steps? ((8)

A
  1. initial act
  2. detection by someone
  3. brought to attention of police
  4. recorded by police
  5. reported to the prosecutor
  6. prosecutor decides to proceed with case
  7. court finding guilty? not guilty?
  8. given sentence
33
Q

What is the General Social Survey of Victimization?(2009)

A

Household phone survey of Canadians greater than or at the age of 15. How safe they feel, certain crimes they haven’t reported. **happens every 4 years

34
Q

How much in percent did Canadians feel safe from crime victimization?

A

93%….since 1999 it has become equal between males and females. (use to be mostly females)

35
Q

What province in Canada is most satisfied with safety?

A

Newfoundland and Labrador

36
Q

What is the fraction of people that think their neighbourhood is safer than another community on avg.

A

6/10

37
Q

The term victim includes?

A

the person directly affected and also their families

38
Q

What are the three situations that cause canadians the most fear in regards to crime and their percentages!

A
  1. waiting for/using public transit alone at night 41%
  2. being home alone at night 17%
  3. Walking alone at night in their neighbourhood 10%
    (identical to 2004)
39
Q

What % of canadians in the 12 months prior indicated they had been victimized 1 or more times before the General Social Survey on Victimization(2009)?

A

25%

40
Q

The most common offences for reported victimization were?

A

non-violent, theft

41
Q

What was the percentage of canadians that were victimized by sexual assault, robbery, or some kind of violent crime reported (mostly only being victimized once) ?

A

6%

42
Q

What are the 7 greatest risk factors for victimization?

A
  1. 15-24 years old, main activity: student
  2. low family income
  3. living in urban setting
  4. engaging in 30+ social activities during the evening outside of the home
  5. single
  6. self- identified as homosexual
  7. “….” aboriginal
    * **15 times more likely to be victimized (15-24) than 64 year olds and above
43
Q

What are the four factors that can increase the risk of victimization?

A
  1. dangerous times/places
  2. dangerous or high risk activity
  3. exposure to potential perpetrators
  4. socio-demographic factors (age, gender, area)
44
Q

Whats the age range that most people seek victimization services? Common gender?

A

18 or below. (73%)

females (77%)

45
Q

What are the five types of victimization?

A
  1. criminal harassment 3%
  2. secondary victims of homicide/loss of life 5%
  3. non-violent crime (property and traffic offences) 22%
  4. 30% sexual assault (mostly females)
  5. Other types of violent crime (mostly intimate partner violence)41%
    * *males = non-sexual
    * *not all are reported
46
Q

Most known victims report being victimized by crimes against persons, percent?

A

78%

47
Q

Across canada what is the % of victims that report crimes?

A

34%

48
Q

What is the percentage of sexual crime reported to the police?

A

9/10

49
Q

Even when the victims seek professional help only about ____ actually report the crime.

A

1/2 (~34-50%)

50
Q

What are the common reasons for victims not reporting the crime?(3)

A

Fear of the incident not being viewed seriously. Fear that police couldn’t do anything about it..its viewed as a private matter.

51
Q

Victims of violent crimes are more likely to report because of ?

A

fear of their safety

52
Q

Psychological Scars from being victimized via violence crimes (major) via minor crimes as well (4)

A
  1. anger
  2. mental health issues (anxiety, fear, depression, substance abuse, suspiciousness, social isolation)
  3. feelings of guilt, especially in cases of violence
  4. decreased life satisfaction and perception of the world as less caring and unsafe.
53
Q

Some victims rise above their psychological scars and become?

A

advocates for victim crimes (John Walsh)

54
Q

How many victims report that the crime has caused a significant emotional affect on them.

A

8/10

Criminal Behaviour (20 decks)

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