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DIT > Rapid Facts > Flashcards

Rapid Facts Flashcards

1
Q

Most common cause of neural tube defect

A

folic acid deficiency

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2
Q

Most common preventable cause of congenital malformation in the US

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

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3
Q

Neutrophil Attractant

A

IL-8, LTB4, C5a, bacterial products, kallikrein

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4
Q

Elevated ESR

A

Osteomyelitis, polymyalgia rheumatica, temporal arteritis, RA, SLE, infection, malignancy

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5
Q

Acute phase reactant synthesized by liver

A

C-reactive protein

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6
Q

Musty odor

A

PKU

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7
Q

Treatment for keloid

A

Glucocorticoids

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8
Q

Granulation tissue is formed by

A

fibroblasts & vascular endothelial cells

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9
Q

Scar formation

A

Fibroblasts initially lay down weak type III collagen –> Metalloproteinases (Zinc) –> degrade type III —> Type I replaces III for strong scar tissue

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10
Q

Hyper flexible joints arachnodactyly aortic dissection the lens dislocation

A

Marfan syndrome (fibrillin defect)

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11
Q

Hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss

A

Alport syndrome (Type IV collagen defect)

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12
Q

Role of vitamin C and collagen production

A

Hydroxylation of lysine and proline

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13
Q

Symptoms of scurvy

A

Poor wound healing, swollen gums, anemia, bleeding

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14
Q

Maternal component of the placenta

A

decidua basalis

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15
Q

High cholesterol content in the plasma membrane

A

Decreased fluidity, high melting temperature

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16
Q

Smoking causes what changes to the epithelium of the bronchi

A

Metaplasia: ciliated columnar –> squamous

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17
Q

A patient presents with an aganglionic colon and other neural crest through the deficiencies. What findings would you see?

A

Peripheral nervous system effects, anterior chamber of eye problems, autonomic dysfunction, dental abnormalities, albinism, conductive hearing loss, truncus arteriosus or transposition of vessels

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18
Q

Lipofuschin granule

A

brown/yellow pigment residual bodies in cells d/t partial degradation of lipids often d/t free radicals or oxidation

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19
Q

Mesocortical dopaminergic pathway

A

Ventral tegmental of the midbrain to cortex

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20
Q

Blocking of Mesocortical dopaminergic pathway

A

Increase negative symptoms of psychosis

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21
Q

Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway

A

Ventral tegmental of midbrain to limbic system

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22
Q

Blocking the Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway

A

Relieves positive symptoms of schizophrenia

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23
Q

Nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta to neostriatum

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24
Q

Blocking the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway

A

parkinson disease

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25
Q

Tuberofundibular dopaminergic pathway

A

arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus to pituitary

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26
Q

Blocking the Tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic pathway

A

Increased release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary

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27
Q

Production of GABA requires

A

Glutamate & Vitamin B6

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28
Q

Stimulation of which hypothalamic nuclei results in Savage behavior and obesity

A

Dorsomedial

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29
Q

Destruction of which hypothalamic nuclei results in Savage behavior and obesity

A

Ventromedial

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30
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei is the master clock her side and circadian rhythm

A

Suprachiasmatic

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31
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei releases hormones affecting the anterior pituitary

A

Paraventricular preoptic arcuate

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32
Q

Which type of hypothalamic nuclei responsible for sweating and cutaneous vasodilation

A

Anterior

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33
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei is responsible for shivering and decreased cutaneous blood flow

A

Posterior

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34
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei produces ADH

A

Supraoptic

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35
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei regulates the release of gonadotropic hormones

A

Preoptic, arcuate

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36
Q

Destruction of which hypothalamic nuclei results in inability to stay warm

A

Posterior

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37
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei receives input from the retina

A

Suprachiasmatic

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38
Q

Which hypothalamic nuclei when stimulated leads to eating and destructed leads to anorexia

A

Lateral

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39
Q

Destruction of which hyperthalamic nuclei results and diabetes insipidus

A

Supraoptic

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40
Q

Lesion to what area of the brain results and disinhibition and inappropriate sexual advances

A

Bilateral lesion of the amygdala

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41
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A

Bilateral lesion of the amygdala

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42
Q

Which amino acids are modified by the golgi apparatus

A

Tyrosine, threonine, asparagine

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43
Q

eeg waveforms in stage N1

A

Theta

44
Q

EEG waveforms in stage N2

A

sleep spindles & K complexes

45
Q

EEG waveforms in N3

A

Delta waves (sleep walking, enuresis)

46
Q

EEG waveforms in REM

A

Beta waves (awake) - erections, PPRF, dreaming

47
Q

Tx for enuresis

A

Imipramine (TCA, decreased N3), Indomethacin (reduced RBF), DDAVP (anti-diuretic)

48
Q

PICA stroke

A

vertigo/ataxia, I/L face, C/L body numbness, Horner’s syndrome

49
Q

Branchial arch 1

A 
M&T
Meckel Cartilage: Mandibular, Mandible, Malleus
Mm. of mastication
Tensor Tympani,
Maxillary div of Trigeminal
50
Q

Pharyngeal arch 2

A

Facial n.
mm. of facial expression
stapedius, stylohyoid

51
Q

Pharyngeal arch 3

A

stylopharyneus

glossopharyngeal n.

52
Q

Pharyngeal arch 4 & 6

A

Cricoid & thyroid cartilage

CN 10

53
Q

Brocas areas is supplied by

A

MCA

54
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

understand, but can’t speak

55
Q

Non-dominant Broca lesion

A

inability to express emotion

56
Q

Non-dominant Wernicke lesion

A

inability to comprehend emotion

57
Q

Non-dominant parietal lobe lesion

A

hemispatial neglect

58
Q

Lesion in the dominant parietal lobe

A

Gerstmann Syndrome: agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia

59
Q

Ipsilateral cerebellar lesion

A

limb ataxia, intention tremor

60
Q

Cerebellar vermis lesion

A

truncal ataxia, dysarthria

61
Q

PPRF lesion

A

eyes deviate away from side of lesion

62
Q

Superior Colliculus Lesion

A

Parinauds Syndrome: inability to gaze upward

63
Q

Frontal eye field lesion

A

eyes deviate toward the lesion

64
Q

Lesion to the arcuate fasciculus

A

poor repetition

65
Q

Blood supply to Wernickes

A

MCA

66
Q

Central Pontine Myelinolysis

A

correcting hyponatremia toooo fast

Locked in syndrome, paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, loss of consciousness

67
Q

What a. supplies the medullary pyramids?

A

Anterior spinal a.

68
Q

What a. supplies the inferior cerebellar peduncles, nucleus ambiguus, & lateral STT?

A

PICA

69
Q

Weber Syndrome

A

Paramedian branch occlusion of PCA –> midbrain infarct

C/L hemiparesis + CN 3 palsy (down/out)

70
Q

Locked in Syndrome

A

Basilar a. stroke -> lesion in superior pons

71
Q

Medial Inferior Pontine Syndrome

A

CST: C/L hemiparesis

CN6/PPRF: paralysis of gaze toward lesion

72
Q

Most common location of cerebral aneurysm

A

AICA

73
Q

Charcot-Bouchard Microaneurysm

A

Small vessel aneurysm of lenticulostriate aa. that supply basal ganglia & thalamus

74
Q

Nucleus solitarius

A

sensory info (taste, baroreceptors, gut distention)q

75
Q

Nucleus ambiguus

A

Motor innervation to the pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus

76
Q

Dorsal motor nucleus

A

autonomic information to the heart & lungs

77
Q

Carotid sheath

A

internal jugular v
common carotid a
vagus n

78
Q

Non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

obstruction of CSF flow

Sx: HA, papilledema, uncal herniation (CN3 palsy)

79
Q

Communicating Hydrocephalus

A

Poor arachnoid reabsorption

80
Q

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

A

Sx: urinary incontinence, dementia, ataxia

REVERSIBLE dementia

81
Q

Hydrocephalus ex vacuo

A

atrophied brain tissue –> large ventricles

Alzheimers

82
Q

Pseudotumor cerebri

A

increased ICP, no hydrocephalus

obese women, HA, n/v, papilledema, vision-loss, Vitamin A

83
Q

HA (U/L, tearing eye, few hours daily for weeks, partial Horners)

A

Cluster HA

84
Q

HA (band-like, B/L)

A

Tension HA

85
Q

HA (nausea, photophobia, +/- aura, U/L, throbbing)

A

Migraine

86
Q

Tension HA Tx

A

NSAID, Acetaminophen

87
Q

Migrain HA Tx

A

Sumatriptan

88
Q

Cluster HA Tx

A

100% O2

89
Q

HA made worse by Tyramine

A

Migraine HA

90
Q

HA w/ jaw mm. pain

A

Temporal arteritis

91
Q

HA + elevated ESR

A

Temporal arteritis

92
Q

HA + EOM palsies

A

Cavernous sinus thrombosis

93
Q

Pseudopalisading brain tumor

A

Glioblastoma

94
Q

Whorled pattern + psammoma bodies w/ brain tumor

A

Meningioma

95
Q

Rosenthal fibers (eosinophilic cork-screw)

A

Astrocytoma

96
Q

Homer-Wright Rosette

A

Medulloblastoma

97
Q

Perivascular pseudorosettes

A

Ependymoma

98
Q

Derived from Rathkes pouch

A

Pituitary adenoma
Craniopharyngioma
B/L hemianopsia

99
Q

Uncal herination Sx

A

CN3 compression (down&out)

100
Q

Brain tumor assoc w/ von Hippel-Lindau

A

Hemangioblastoma

101
Q

Child w/ hydrocephalus

A

Medulloblastoma & Ependymoma

102
Q

Brain tumor assoc w/ polycythemia

A

Hemangioblastoma

103
Q

Mu agonist

A

b-endorphin

104
Q

delta agonist

A

enkephalin

105
Q

Kappa agonist

A

dynorphin

106
Q

Tx to reverse NMJ blocker

A

Neostigmine

DIT (22 decks)

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