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Rapid Facts Flashcards

1
Q

Most common cause of neural tube defect

A

folic acid deficiency

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2
Q

Most common preventable cause of congenital malformation in the US

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

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3
Q

Neutrophil Attractant

A

IL-8, LTB4, C5a, bacterial products, kallikrein

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4
Q

Elevated ESR

A

Osteomyelitis, polymyalgia rheumatica, temporal arteritis, RA, SLE, infection, malignancy

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5
Q

Acute phase reactant synthesized by liver

A

C-reactive protein

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6
Q

Musty odor

A

PKU

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7
Q

Treatment for keloid

A

Glucocorticoids

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8
Q

Granulation tissue is formed by

A

fibroblasts & vascular endothelial cells

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9
Q

Scar formation

A

Fibroblasts initially lay down weak type III collagen –> Metalloproteinases (Zinc) –> degrade type III —> Type I replaces III for strong scar tissue

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10
Q

Hyper flexible joints arachnodactyly aortic dissection the lens dislocation

A

Marfan syndrome (fibrillin defect)

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11
Q

Hereditary nephritis, cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss

A

Alport syndrome (Type IV collagen defect)

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12
Q

Role of vitamin C and collagen production

A

Hydroxylation of lysine and proline

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13
Q

Symptoms of scurvy

A

Poor wound healing, swollen gums, anemia, bleeding

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14
Q

Maternal component of the placenta

A

decidua basalis

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15
Q

High cholesterol content in the plasma membrane

A

Decreased fluidity, high melting temperature

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16
Q

Smoking causes what changes to the epithelium of the bronchi

A

Metaplasia: ciliated columnar –> squamous

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17
Q

A patient presents with an aganglionic colon and other neural crest through the deficiencies. What findings would you see?

A

Peripheral nervous system effects, anterior chamber of eye problems, autonomic dysfunction, dental abnormalities, albinism, conductive hearing loss, truncus arteriosus or transposition of vessels

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18
Q

Lipofuschin granule

A

brown/yellow pigment residual bodies in cells d/t partial degradation of lipids often d/t free radicals or oxidation

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19
Q

Mesocortical dopaminergic pathway

A

Ventral tegmental of the midbrain to cortex

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20
Q

Blocking of Mesocortical dopaminergic pathway

A

Increase negative symptoms of psychosis

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21
Q

Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway

A

Ventral tegmental of midbrain to limbic system

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22
Q

Blocking the Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway

A

Relieves positive symptoms of schizophrenia

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23
Q

Nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta to neostriatum

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24
Q

Blocking the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway

A

parkinson disease

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25
Tuberofundibular dopaminergic pathway
arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus to pituitary
26
Blocking the Tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic pathway
Increased release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary
27
Production of GABA requires
Glutamate & Vitamin B6
28
Stimulation of which hypothalamic nuclei results in Savage behavior and obesity
Dorsomedial
29
Destruction of which hypothalamic nuclei results in Savage behavior and obesity
Ventromedial
30
Which hypothalamic nuclei is the master clock her side and circadian rhythm
Suprachiasmatic
31
Which hypothalamic nuclei releases hormones affecting the anterior pituitary
Paraventricular preoptic arcuate
32
Which type of hypothalamic nuclei responsible for sweating and cutaneous vasodilation
Anterior
33
Which hypothalamic nuclei is responsible for shivering and decreased cutaneous blood flow
Posterior
34
Which hypothalamic nuclei produces ADH
Supraoptic
35
Which hypothalamic nuclei regulates the release of gonadotropic hormones
Preoptic, arcuate
36
Destruction of which hypothalamic nuclei results in inability to stay warm
Posterior
37
Which hypothalamic nuclei receives input from the retina
Suprachiasmatic
38
Which hypothalamic nuclei when stimulated leads to eating and destructed leads to anorexia
Lateral
39
Destruction of which hyperthalamic nuclei results and diabetes insipidus
Supraoptic
40
Lesion to what area of the brain results and disinhibition and inappropriate sexual advances
Bilateral lesion of the amygdala
41
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Bilateral lesion of the amygdala
42
Which amino acids are modified by the golgi apparatus
Tyrosine, threonine, asparagine
43
eeg waveforms in stage N1
Theta
44
EEG waveforms in stage N2
sleep spindles & K complexes
45
EEG waveforms in N3
Delta waves (sleep walking, enuresis)
46
EEG waveforms in REM
Beta waves (awake) - erections, PPRF, dreaming
47
Tx for enuresis
Imipramine (TCA, decreased N3), Indomethacin (reduced RBF), DDAVP (anti-diuretic)
48
PICA stroke
vertigo/ataxia, I/L face, C/L body numbness, Horner's syndrome
49
Branchial arch 1
``` M&T Meckel Cartilage: Mandibular, Mandible, Malleus Mm. of mastication Tensor Tympani, Maxillary div of Trigeminal ```
50
Pharyngeal arch 2
Facial n. mm. of facial expression stapedius, stylohyoid
51
Pharyngeal arch 3
stylopharyneus | glossopharyngeal n.
52
Pharyngeal arch 4 & 6
Cricoid & thyroid cartilage | CN 10
53
Brocas areas is supplied by
MCA
54
Broca's aphasia
understand, but can't speak
55
Non-dominant Broca lesion
inability to express emotion
56
Non-dominant Wernicke lesion
inability to comprehend emotion
57
Non-dominant parietal lobe lesion
hemispatial neglect
58
Lesion in the dominant parietal lobe
Gerstmann Syndrome: agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia
59
Ipsilateral cerebellar lesion
limb ataxia, intention tremor
60
Cerebellar vermis lesion
truncal ataxia, dysarthria
61
PPRF lesion
eyes deviate away from side of lesion
62
Superior Colliculus Lesion
Parinauds Syndrome: inability to gaze upward
63
Frontal eye field lesion
eyes deviate toward the lesion
64
Lesion to the arcuate fasciculus
poor repetition
65
Blood supply to Wernickes
MCA
66
Central Pontine Myelinolysis
correcting hyponatremia toooo fast | Locked in syndrome, paralysis, dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, loss of consciousness
67
What a. supplies the medullary pyramids?
Anterior spinal a.
68
What a. supplies the inferior cerebellar peduncles, nucleus ambiguus, & lateral STT?
PICA
69
Weber Syndrome
Paramedian branch occlusion of PCA --> midbrain infarct | C/L hemiparesis + CN 3 palsy (down/out)
70
Locked in Syndrome
Basilar a. stroke -> lesion in superior pons
71
Medial Inferior Pontine Syndrome
CST: C/L hemiparesis | CN6/PPRF: paralysis of gaze toward lesion
72
Most common location of cerebral aneurysm
AICA
73
Charcot-Bouchard Microaneurysm
Small vessel aneurysm of lenticulostriate aa. that supply basal ganglia & thalamus
74
Nucleus solitarius
sensory info (taste, baroreceptors, gut distention)q
75
Nucleus ambiguus
Motor innervation to the pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus
76
Dorsal motor nucleus
autonomic information to the heart & lungs
77
Carotid sheath
internal jugular v common carotid a vagus n
78
Non-communicating hydrocephalus
obstruction of CSF flow | Sx: HA, papilledema, uncal herniation (CN3 palsy)
79
Communicating Hydrocephalus
Poor arachnoid reabsorption
80
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Sx: urinary incontinence, dementia, ataxia | REVERSIBLE dementia
81
Hydrocephalus ex vacuo
atrophied brain tissue --> large ventricles | Alzheimers
82
Pseudotumor cerebri
increased ICP, no hydrocephalus | obese women, HA, n/v, papilledema, vision-loss, Vitamin A
83
HA (U/L, tearing eye, few hours daily for weeks, partial Horners)
Cluster HA
84
HA (band-like, B/L)
Tension HA
85
HA (nausea, photophobia, +/- aura, U/L, throbbing)
Migraine
86
Tension HA Tx
NSAID, Acetaminophen
87
Migrain HA Tx
Sumatriptan
88
Cluster HA Tx
100% O2
89
HA made worse by Tyramine
Migraine HA
90
HA w/ jaw mm. pain
Temporal arteritis
91
HA + elevated ESR
Temporal arteritis
92
HA + EOM palsies
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
93
Pseudopalisading brain tumor
Glioblastoma
94
Whorled pattern + psammoma bodies w/ brain tumor
Meningioma
95
Rosenthal fibers (eosinophilic cork-screw)
Astrocytoma
96
Homer-Wright Rosette
Medulloblastoma
97
Perivascular pseudorosettes
Ependymoma
98
Derived from Rathkes pouch
Pituitary adenoma Craniopharyngioma B/L hemianopsia
99
Uncal herination Sx
CN3 compression (down&out)
100
Brain tumor assoc w/ von Hippel-Lindau
Hemangioblastoma
101
Child w/ hydrocephalus
Medulloblastoma & Ependymoma
102
Brain tumor assoc w/ polycythemia
Hemangioblastoma
103
Mu agonist
b-endorphin
104
delta agonist
enkephalin
105
Kappa agonist
dynorphin
106
Tx to reverse NMJ blocker
Neostigmine

DIT (22 decks)

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