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DIT > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increased number of cells

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2
Q

Metaplasia

A

Normal cell type is replaced by another

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3
Q

Dysplasia

A

abnormal growth, loss of normal size/shape/orientation

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4
Q

Anaplasia

A

irreversible, regression, high N:C ration, prominent nucleoli, clumping of chromatin, & mitotic figures

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5
Q

Neoplasia

A

growing cells in an uncontrolled fashion

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6
Q

Adenoma nomenclature

A

Benign Tumor of Epithelium w/ glandular architecture

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7
Q

Papilloma nomenclature

A

Benign Tumor of Epithelium w/ finger-like projections

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8
Q

Carcinoma nomenclature

A

Malignant Tumor of Epithelium

-Adenoma or Papillary

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9
Q

Stain for Carcinoma

A

Cytokeratin

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10
Q

Epithelial tumors spread

A

via lymph

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11
Q

Mesenchymal tumors spread

A

via blood

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12
Q

Mesenchymal Tumors - Blood

A

Blood cell tumors (leukemia, lymphoma), Blood vessel tumor (hemangioma, angiosarcoma)

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13
Q

Mesenchymal Tumors - Bone

A

Osteoma, Osteosarcoma

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14
Q

Mesenchymal Tumors - Fat

A

Lipoma, Liposarcoma

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15
Q

Mesenchymal Tumors - Skeletal mm

A

Rhabdomyoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma

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16
Q

Mesenchymal Tumors - Smooth mm.

A

Leiomyoma

Leiomyosarcoma

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17
Q

Teratoma

A

tumor w/ >1 cell type

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18
Q

Mature teratoma

A

mature tissues, no anapestic cells (ovarian tumors)

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19
Q

Grade

A

cellular differentiation & mitotic activity

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20
Q

Low grade

A

resemble normal cell architecture & have few mitotic figures

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21
Q

Staging

A

size, spread (nodal involvement, metastasis)

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22
Q

Liver metastasis

A 
Colon
Stomach
Pancreas
Breast
Lung
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23
Q

Liver Metastasis Sx

A

high LFTs, tenderness/abd pain, hepatomegaly, hepatic dysfunction (ascites, jaundice)

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24
Q

Brain Metastasis

A 
Lung
Breast
Skin (Melanoma)
Kidney
GIT tumors
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25
Q

Brain Metastasis Sx

A

HA, Focal Neuro defects (Hemiparesis), Cognitive Dysfucntion (memory loss, personality change), Seizures

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26
Q

Bone Metastasis Sx

A 
Prostate
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Thyroid 
Lung
Breast
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27
Q

Lytic Bone Metastasis

A

break down bone (MM)

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28
Q

Blastic Bone Metastasis

A

builds bone (prostate)

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29
Q

Paraneoplastic Syndrome - Small Cell Lung Cancer

A

ACTH -> Cushing
ADH -> SIADH (hyponatremia)
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome

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30
Q

Lambert-Eaton Syndrome

A

Small Cell Lunch Cancer producing Ab against presynaptic Ca2+ channels at the NMJ

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31
Q

Testing for Lambert-Eaton Syndrome

A

Isometric mm. contraction (weakness that improves w/ use)

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32
Q

Paraneoplastic Syndrome - Squamous Cell Lung Cancer

A

Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy

secretes PTHrP

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33
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Anemia, hypercalcemia, back pain (lytic bone lesions d/t local osteolytic factors)

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34
Q

Cachexia

A

tumors produce cytokines -> increase metabolic rate -> loss of fat & lean mm.

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35
Q

Psammoma Bodies are seen w/

A

Papillary thyroid cancer
Serous Papillary cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary
Meningioma
Malignant Mesothelioma

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36
Q

Psammoma Bodies

A

laminated concentric calcific spherules

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37
Q

Most common cause of hypercalcemia?

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

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38
Q

Oncogenes

A

Mutation -> growth w/o GF (uncouple growth & GFs)

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39
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Mutations allow unregulated cell cycle

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40
Q

Apoptosis genes

A

mutation, disables apoptosis

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41
Q

DNA repair genes

A

mutation, cells are susceptible to DNA damage

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42
Q

Tumor suppressor gene examples

A

Rb, p53 (checkpoint b/w G1/S)

p53 S/G2

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43
Q

Rb mutation

A

can’t inhibit E2F (TF)

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44
Q

Double-hit hypothesis

A

tumor-suppressor genes require mutations in both alleles

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45
Q

Heritable Retinoblastoma

A

inherit 1 mutation + 1 sporadic mutation

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46
Q

Sporadic Retinoblastoma

A

2 sporadic mutations

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47
Q

p53 mutations are seen in

A

50% of human cancers

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48
Q

p53 function

A

causes apoptosis by inducing transcription of pro-apoptotic genes (BAX) via p21

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49
Q

p53 mutations allow

A

cell replication through checkpoints despite DNA damage

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50
Q

APC

A

Familiar adenomatous polyposis

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51
Q

BRCA

A

Breast & Ovarian Cancer

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52
Q

DPC

A

Deleted in pancreatic cancer

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53
Q

DCC

A

Deleted in colon cancer

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54
Q

NF1

A

Neurofibromatosis type 1

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55
Q

NF2

A

Neurofibromatosis type 2

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56
Q

B/L acoustic neuromas

A

Neurofibromatosis type 2

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57
Q

WT1 & WT2

A

Wilms Tumors

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58
Q

VHL

A

Von Hippel-Lindau

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59
Q

TSC

A

Tuberous Sclerosis

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60
Q

RAS oncogenes

A

most common oncogene abnormality in tumors

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61
Q

K-RAS mutation

A

colon, lung, pancreatic tumors

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62
Q

H-RAS mutation

A

Bladder, Kidney tumors

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63
Q

N-RAS

A

Melanomas, Hematologic malignancies, Follicular thyroud cancer

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64
Q

RAS pathway

A

G-protein -> MAPK -> activation of TF

65
Q

RAS mutation

A

constitutive MAPK activation

66
Q

BCR-ABL

A

t(9:22) CML constitutive tyrosine kinase activation

67
Q

RET mutation

A

assoc w/ MEN 2A & 2B
Pheochromocytoma, Medullar thyroid cancer
Papillary Carcinoma of the thyroid

68
Q

HER2/neu

A

Breast, Ovarian, Gastric cancer

69
Q

Trastuzumab

A

blocks HER2

70
Q

C-myc

A

Burkitt Lymphoma

71
Q

L-myc

A

Lung cancer

72
Q

N-myc

A

Neuroblastoma (adrenal medulla)

73
Q

Rb mutations are seen in

A

Retinoblastoma & Osteosarcoma

74
Q

What TF is normally bound by Rb

A

E2F

75
Q

Cigarette smoke is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Small Cell & Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung

Oral Cancer, Squamous cell Laryngeal Cancer, Pancreatic Cancer, Transitional Cell Carcinoma, RCC

76
Q

EtOH use is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Oral Cancer, Laryngeal cancers, Squamous Cell esophageal cancer, HCC

77
Q

Aflatoxin is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A 
Aspergillus molds (corn, soybeans)
p53 mutation -> food contamination -> HCC
78
Q

Nitrosamine is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Gastric cancer, Squamous cell esophageal carcinoma

79
Q

Arsenic is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Lung cancer, Squamous Cell skin cancer, Angiosarcoma

80
Q

Vinyl Chloride is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Angiosarcoma

81
Q

Alkylating Agent is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Leukemia, Lymphoma

82
Q

Benzene is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Leukemia, Hodgkin Lymphoma

83
Q

Napthalene is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Transitional cell bladder carcinoma

84
Q

Asbestos is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma of the lung

Mesothelioma

85
Q

Radon is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Lung Cancer

86
Q

Ionizing radiation is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Myeloid cancer (AML, CML), thyroid cancer

87
Q

UV radiation is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Squamous & Basal cell carcinoma of the skin, Melanoma

88
Q

UVB radiation induces

A

pyrimidine dimers in DNA (high risk of skin cancer)

89
Q

UVA

A

generation of free radicals (slight risk of skin cancer)

90
Q

HBV is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Cirrhosis -> HCC

91
Q

HCV is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Cirrhosis -> HCC

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

92
Q

HTLV-1 is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

T-cell lymphoma

93
Q

HHV-8 is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Kaposi Sarcoma

94
Q

EBV is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Hodgkin & Burkitt Lymphoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

95
Q

HPV-16, -18

A

Cervical, Vaginal, Vulvar, Anal, Penile, Throat cancer

96
Q

H. pylori is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Gastric cancer

97
Q

S. bovis is assoc w/ what type of cancer

A

Colon cancer (IE)

98
Q

Schistosoma haematobiumis assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Squamous cell cancer of the bladder

99
Q

Pt w/ hematuria from the Middle East?

A

Schistosoma haematobium

100
Q

Clonorchis sinensisis is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

biliary cancer

101
Q

Acanthosis nigricans is assoc w/

A

insulin-resistance or gastric carcinomas

102
Q

Actinic keratosis may be a precursor to

A

Squamous cell skin cancer

103
Q

Tx for Actinic keratosis

A

5-FU

104
Q

Autoimmune & immunodeficient diseases are assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

Lymphoma

105
Q

Tuberous sclerosis findings

A

Facial angiofibromas,
Seizures, low IQ
Ash-leaf spots

106
Q

Tuberous sclerosis is related to what types of tumors/cancers

A

Cardiac rhabomyoma
Renal angiomyolipoma
Astrocytoma

107
Q

Ulcerative colitis is assoc w/ an increased risk of what type of cancer

A

colon cancer

108
Q

Most common cancers in men

A

prostate, lung, colon

109
Q

Most common cancers in women

A

breast, lung, uterine

110
Q

Which cancers cause the highest mortality rate in women

A

lung, breast, colon

111
Q

Which cancers cause the highest mortality rate in men

A

lung, prostate, colon

112
Q

Primary Prevention

A

Smoking, Obesity, Poor diet, Inactivity, Sun exposure

113
Q

Smoking

A

1 cause of preventable cancer

114
Q

Obesity is assoc w/ an increased risk of which cancers

A 
increased esophageal adenoma
renal cell carcinoma
Endometrial cancer
Gallbladder cancer
Thyroid cancer
115
Q

High-fat diet is assoc w/ an increased risk of which cancers

A

Breast, Colon, Prostate, Endometrial cancers

116
Q

High-fiber diet is assoc w/

A

lower risk of colon polyps & colon cancer

117
Q

Sedentary lifestyle is assoc w/ an increased risk of which cancers

A

breast & colon cancer

118
Q

Sun exposure is assoc w/ an increased risk of which cancers

A

Basal & Squamous Cell Carcinomas, Melanoma (sun burns)

119
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

early detection to decrease mortality

120
Q

Breast Cancer Screening

A

Self-exams unadvised
Clinical Breast Exam
Mammograms from 50-75 q 2y

121
Q

Cervical Cancer Screening

A

pap: 21-65yo q 3yrs

122
Q

Prostate Cancer Screening

A

PSA (against screening)

Digital Rectal Exam (no rec)

123
Q

Colon Cancer Screening

A

Colonoscopy: 50-75 q 10yrs
Flexible sigmoidoscopy: 50-75 q 5 yrs
FOBT: 50-75 annually

124
Q

Lung Cancer Screening

A

Chest CT: 55-80yo smoker w/ hx of 30pack hx

125
Q

HCC Tumor Marker

A

AFP

126
Q

Prostate Tumor Marker

A

PSA (BPH, etc)

127
Q

Ovarian Tumor Marker

A

CA-125 (high w/ any peritoneal irritation) - use for Tx efficacy

128
Q

Bone Mets Tumor Marker

A

Alkaline Phosphatase

129
Q

Biliary Tract Tumor Marker

A

Alkaline Phosphatase

130
Q

Paget’s Disease Tumor Marker

A

Alkaline Phosphatase

131
Q

Pancreatic Cancer Tumor Marker

A

CA 19-9, CEA

132
Q

Colon Tumor Marker

A

CEA

133
Q

Melanoma Tumor Marker

A

S-100

134
Q

Schwannoma Tumor Marker

A

S-100

135
Q

Hairy Cell Leukemia Tumor Marker

A

TRAP (Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase)

136
Q

Methotrexate MOA

A

inhibits Dihydrofolate reductase

137
Q

Which drug can reverse the myelosuppression seen w/ Methotrexate

A

Leucovorin

138
Q

Cyclophosphamide S/E

A

hemorrhagic cysitis d/t toxic metabolite acrolein

139
Q

Cyclophosphamide S/E of hemorrhagic cysts can be prevented w/ what drug

A

Mesna

140
Q

MOA of Doxorubicin & Daunorubicin

A

Generates free radicals & intercalates DNA

141
Q

MOA of 5-FU

A

inhibits thymidylate synthase

142
Q

MOA of 6-MP

A

Inhibits PRPP amidotransferase

143
Q

Cytarabine MOA

A

inhibits DNA polymerization

144
Q

Dexrazoxane

A

given w/ Doxorubicin & Daunorubicin to prevent cardiotoxicity

145
Q

Uridine

A

given w/ 5-FU to rescue from myelosuppression

146
Q

MOA of Etoposide

A

Inhibits topoisomerase II

147
Q

MOA of Hydroxyurea

A

inhibits ribonucleotide reductase

148
Q

MOA of Paclitaxel

A

stabilizes MTs by binding to Tubulin

149
Q

MOA of Topotecan

A

Inhibits topoisomerase I

150
Q

MOA of Vincristine

A

Inhibits MT formation

151
Q

S/E of Tamoxifen

A

endometrial cancer

152
Q

S/E of Trastuzumab

A

Cardiotoxicity

153
Q

S/E of Paclitaxel

A

HSN rxn

154
Q

S/E of Cisplatin

A

nephrotoxicity & ototoxicity

155
Q

S/E of Vincristine

A

peripheral neuropathy

156
Q

Bevacizumab MOA

A

VEGF inhibitor

157
Q

Bevacizumab Uses

A

Metastatic cancers

158
Q

Bevacizumab S/E

A

impaired wound healing, severe hemorrhage

159
Q

Imatinib

A

enzyme inhibitor mutant bcr-abl

DIT (22 decks)

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