Foundations Flashcards
1
Q
2 Cell Groups of a Blastocyst
A
Inner Cell Mass, Trophoblast
2
Q
Placental development
A
trophoblast —> inner cytotrophoblast & outer syncytiotrophoblast (invade the endometrium, secrete hCG)
3
Q
The inner cell mass becomes the bilaminar disc in which week? What are the two layers?
A
Week 2; Hypoblast & Epiblast
4
Q
The inner cell mass becomes the trilaminar disc in which week? Through a process called? What are the three layers?
A
Week3; Gastrulation
Epiblast—-> endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
Hypoblast —> endoderm, yolk sac
5
Q
Notochord is derived from which cell type
A
Mesoderm
6
Q
Neural plate is derived from which cell type
A
Ectoderm
7
Q
Neural plate gives rise to
A
neural tube & neural crest cells
8
Q
Organogenesis occurs during which weeks?
A
Weeks 3-8
9
Q
Heart is formed during which week?
A
Week 4
10
Q
Limb buds are formed during which week?
A
Week 4
11
Q
Fetal movement begins during which week?
A
Week 8
12
Q
Sex-specific characteristics appear during which week?
A
Week 10
13
Q
Epidermis, hair, nails are derived from?
A
Surface Ectoderm
14
Q
Mammary glands, sweat glands, & salivary glands are derived from?
A
Surface Ectoderm
15
Q
Retina is derived from?
A
Neural tube
16
Q
Cornea, sclera, ciliary m., iris pigment cells are derived from?
A
Neural crest cells
17
Q
Melanocytes are derived from?
A
Neural crest cells
18
Q
The inner ear is derived from?
A
Surface Ectoderm
19
Q
The ossicles of the middle ear are derived from?
A
Neural crest cells
20
Q
The odontoblasts are derived from?
A
Neural crest cells
21
Q
Tooth enamal is derived from?
A
Surface Ectoderm
22
Q
The lens is derived from?
A
Surface Ectoderm
23
Q
The posterior pituitary is derived from?
A
Neural tube
24
Q
The anterior pituitary is derived from?
A
Surface Ectoderm
25
The anal canal proximal to the pectinate line is derived from?
Endoderm
26
The anal canal distal to the pectinate line is derived from?
Surface Ectoderm
27
PNS is derived from?
Neural crest cells
28
The parenchyma of the thyroid is derived from?
Endoderm
29
The parafollicular cells of the thyroid are derived from?
Neural crest cells
30
The liver and pancreas are derived from?
Endoderm
31
The CNS is derived from?
Neural tube
32
The pineal body is derived from?
Neural tube
33
The aorticopulmonary septum is derived from?
Neural crest cells
34
The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are derived from?
Neural crest cells
35
The olfactory epithelium is derived from?
Surface Ectoderm
36
The respiratory epithelium is derived from?
Endoderm
37
The enteric nervous system & celiac ganglion are derived from?
Neural crest cells
38
The kidneys & gonads are derived from?
Mesoderm
39
Craniofacial structure arises from?
Neural crest cells
40
The parathyroids are derived from?
Endoderm
41
The tonsils are derived from?
Endoderm
42
The vertebral bodies & IV discs are derived from?
Mesoderm (somites)
43
The meninges are derived from?
Neural crest cells
44
The muscles are derived from?
Mesoderm
45
The bladder & urethra are derived from?
Endoderm
46
The cardiovascular system is derived from?
Mesoderm
47
The tympanic cavity & auditory tube are derived from?
Endoderm
48
The lymphatic system is derived from?
Mesoderm
49
The thymus is derived from?
Endoderm
50
Describe the relationship between the notochord, neural plate, neural tube and neural crest cells?
notochord is derived from mesoderm, it induces neural plate formation in the overlying ectoderm, neural plate gives rise to the neural tube & neural crest cell
51
The yolk sac is derived from?
Hypoblast
52
What embryonic structure is a reservoir of nonspecialized stem cells?
endodermal yolk sac
53
Teratogenic effects of ACE-I & ARBs?
Renal malformation
54
Teratogenic effects of Aminoglycosides?
Ototoxicity (CN8 damage)
55
Teratogenic effects of Fluoroquinolones?
Cartilage damage
56
Teratogenic effects of Tetracyclines?
Discolored teeth in children
57
Teratogenic effects of Cyclophosphamide?
Ear/facial anomalies, limb hypoplasia, absence of digitis
58
Teratogenic effects of Methotrexate?
Neural tube defects, abortion
59
Teratogenic effects of Carbamazepine?
Neural tube defects
60
Teratogenic effects of Valproic Acid?
Neural tube defects
61
Teratogenic effects of Phenytoin?
Fetal hydantoin syndrome (intrauterine growth restriction, microcephaly and develop minor dysmorphic craniofacial features and limb defects)
62
What drug may be used to terminate an ectopic pregnancy?
Methotrexate
63
Teratogenic effects of Lithium?
Ebstein Anomaly
64
Teratogenic effects of Statins?
CNS & limb abnormalities
65
Teratogenic effects of Warfarin?
Facial/limb/CNS anomalies, spontaneous abortion
66
Teratogenic effects of Isotretinoin?
Spontaneous abortion, birth defects
67
Teratogenic effects of Diethylstilbestrol?
Clear cell vaginal adenocarcinoma
68
Teratogenic effects of Thalidomide?
Phocomelia (limb deformity)
69
Which anticoagulant is safe during pregnancy?
Heparin
70
HOX genes
determines skeletal layout (limb positioning)
71
Teratogens other than pharmaceuticals?
radiation, excessive Vitamin A, maternal diabetes, iodine deficiency, cocaine, tobacco, EtOH
72
Vitamin A excess (teratogen) causes
failure of the neural crest cells to migrate (spontaneous abortion, birth defects)
73
Mutation of HOXD-13 causes
synpolydactyly (extra fused digit b/w 3-4)
74
SHH
detemines A/P axis ZPA
75
Mutation in SHH
holoprosencephaly
76
Wnt7
organizes D/V axis
77
FGF
limb lengthening
78
FGF mutation
achondroplasia
79
Most common cause of neural tube defects
folic acid derivative
80
most common preventable cause of congenital malformations in the US
EtOH use
81
Proteins with a nuclear localization signal may enter the nucleus, this signal is rich in?
Proline, Arginine, & Lysine
82
Cyclin/CDKs are degraded by
ubiquitin protein ligase
83
p21, p27, & p57 act to
bind and inactivate cyclin-CDK complexes
84
What cyclin-CDK complexes are required for the progression from G1-->S?
Cyclin D + CDK4
| Cyclin E + CDK2
85
What cyclin-CDK complexes are required for the progression from G2-->M?
Cyclin A + CDK2
| CyClin B + CDK1
86
Describe the MOA of Cyclin D - CDK4 complex
phosphorylates Rb --> Rb is unbound to E2F --> unbound E2F is a TF that causes synthesis of components for DNA replication
87
Mutation in Rb is seen in
Retinoblastoma & Osteosarcoma
88
cdc25
activates Cyclin B - CDK2 complex ---> breakdown of nuclear lamins
89
RER function
synthesize proteins for secretion outside the cell
90
Free ribosomes function
synthesize proteins that remain in the cytosol
91
Nissl Bodies
RER in neurons (not in axon)
92
SER function
steroid synthesis & detoxification
93
SER is most abundant in what cells
adrenal cortex & hepatocytes
94
COP-II
coat protein necessary for anterograde trafficking (RER --> GA)
95
COP -I
coat protein necessary for retrograde trafficking (GA --> RER)
96
Clathrin
traffics hydrolase to lysosomes (trans-GA side)
97
GA protein modifications
N-oligosaccharide on Aspargine
O-oligosaccharide on Serine & Threonine
Glycosylates core proteins to form proteoglycans
98
GA + Clathrin send enzymes to the lysosomes by adding what molecule?
Mannose-6-Phosphate
99
I-cell Disease Pathogenesis
AR inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficient mannose phosphorylation; enzymes are secreted out of the cell instead of into lysosomes
100
I-cell Disease Sx
Corneal clouding, coarse facies, HSM, skeletal abnormalities, restricted joint movement, MR
101
3 Methods of breaking down proteins?
Proteasomal degradation (Ubiquitin), Lysosomal degradation, Calcium-dependent enzymes
102
Chaperone proteins
assist in folding and transporting polypeptides
103
Heat shock proteins
HSP70 & HSP90 "rescue" shock-stressed proteins from misfolding, if unsuccessful they add ubiquitin to rage for degradation
104
Peroxisomes synthesize
plasmalogens (found in myelin)
105
Peroxisomes catalyze the breakdown of
very long chain fatty acids & branched chain fatty acids via beta-oxidation, & oxidases/catalases for toxic substance metabolism
106
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
specialized SER found in mm. cells, stores Ca2+ & regulates mm. contraction
107
What is the primary chorionic villi?
develops in week 2, and consist of a cytotrophoblast surrounded by syncytiotrophoblast.
108
What is the secondary chorionic villi?
develops in week 3 and consist of extraembryonic mesoderm core surrounded by cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
109
What is the tertiary chorionic villi?
develops at the end of week 3 and will become the villous chorion, the fetal component of the placenta. It consists of a core of villous (fetal) capillaries surrounded by cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
110
The chorionic villi are
finger-like projections of the developing placenta composed of trophoblasts, interspersed by blood-filled sinuses called “intervillous spaces"
