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DIT > Foundations > Flashcards

Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

2 Cell Groups of a Blastocyst

A

Inner Cell Mass, Trophoblast

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2
Q

Placental development

A

trophoblast —> inner cytotrophoblast & outer syncytiotrophoblast (invade the endometrium, secrete hCG)

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3
Q

The inner cell mass becomes the bilaminar disc in which week? What are the two layers?

A

Week 2; Hypoblast & Epiblast

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4
Q

The inner cell mass becomes the trilaminar disc in which week? Through a process called? What are the three layers?

A

Week3; Gastrulation
Epiblast—-> endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm
Hypoblast —> endoderm, yolk sac

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5
Q

Notochord is derived from which cell type

A

Mesoderm

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6
Q

Neural plate is derived from which cell type

A

Ectoderm

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7
Q

Neural plate gives rise to

A

neural tube & neural crest cells

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8
Q

Organogenesis occurs during which weeks?

A

Weeks 3-8

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9
Q

Heart is formed during which week?

A

Week 4

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10
Q

Limb buds are formed during which week?

A

Week 4

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11
Q

Fetal movement begins during which week?

A

Week 8

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12
Q

Sex-specific characteristics appear during which week?

A

Week 10

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13
Q

Epidermis, hair, nails are derived from?

A

Surface Ectoderm

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14
Q

Mammary glands, sweat glands, & salivary glands are derived from?

A

Surface Ectoderm

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15
Q

Retina is derived from?

A

Neural tube

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16
Q

Cornea, sclera, ciliary m., iris pigment cells are derived from?

A

Neural crest cells

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17
Q

Melanocytes are derived from?

A

Neural crest cells

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18
Q

The inner ear is derived from?

A

Surface Ectoderm

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19
Q

The ossicles of the middle ear are derived from?

A

Neural crest cells

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20
Q

The odontoblasts are derived from?

A

Neural crest cells

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21
Q

Tooth enamal is derived from?

A

Surface Ectoderm

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22
Q

The lens is derived from?

A

Surface Ectoderm

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23
Q

The posterior pituitary is derived from?

A

Neural tube

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24
Q

The anterior pituitary is derived from?

A

Surface Ectoderm

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25
Q

The anal canal proximal to the pectinate line is derived from?

A

Endoderm

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26
Q

The anal canal distal to the pectinate line is derived from?

A

Surface Ectoderm

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27
Q

PNS is derived from?

A

Neural crest cells

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28
Q

The parenchyma of the thyroid is derived from?

A

Endoderm

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29
Q

The parafollicular cells of the thyroid are derived from?

A

Neural crest cells

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30
Q

The liver and pancreas are derived from?

A

Endoderm

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31
Q

The CNS is derived from?

A

Neural tube

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32
Q

The pineal body is derived from?

A

Neural tube

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33
Q

The aorticopulmonary septum is derived from?

A

Neural crest cells

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34
Q

The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are derived from?

A

Neural crest cells

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35
Q

The olfactory epithelium is derived from?

A

Surface Ectoderm

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36
Q

The respiratory epithelium is derived from?

A

Endoderm

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37
Q

The enteric nervous system & celiac ganglion are derived from?

A

Neural crest cells

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38
Q

The kidneys & gonads are derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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39
Q

Craniofacial structure arises from?

A

Neural crest cells

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40
Q

The parathyroids are derived from?

A

Endoderm

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41
Q

The tonsils are derived from?

A

Endoderm

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42
Q

The vertebral bodies & IV discs are derived from?

A

Mesoderm (somites)

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43
Q

The meninges are derived from?

A

Neural crest cells

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44
Q

The muscles are derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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45
Q

The bladder & urethra are derived from?

A

Endoderm

46
Q

The cardiovascular system is derived from?

A

Mesoderm

47
Q

The tympanic cavity & auditory tube are derived from?

A

Endoderm

48
Q

The lymphatic system is derived from?

A

Mesoderm

49
Q

The thymus is derived from?

A

Endoderm

50
Q

Describe the relationship between the notochord, neural plate, neural tube and neural crest cells?

A

notochord is derived from mesoderm, it induces neural plate formation in the overlying ectoderm, neural plate gives rise to the neural tube & neural crest cell

51
Q

The yolk sac is derived from?

A

Hypoblast

52
Q

What embryonic structure is a reservoir of nonspecialized stem cells?

A

endodermal yolk sac

53
Q

Teratogenic effects of ACE-I & ARBs?

A

Renal malformation

54
Q

Teratogenic effects of Aminoglycosides?

A

Ototoxicity (CN8 damage)

55
Q

Teratogenic effects of Fluoroquinolones?

A

Cartilage damage

56
Q

Teratogenic effects of Tetracyclines?

A

Discolored teeth in children

57
Q

Teratogenic effects of Cyclophosphamide?

A

Ear/facial anomalies, limb hypoplasia, absence of digitis

58
Q

Teratogenic effects of Methotrexate?

A

Neural tube defects, abortion

59
Q

Teratogenic effects of Carbamazepine?

A

Neural tube defects

60
Q

Teratogenic effects of Valproic Acid?

A

Neural tube defects

61
Q

Teratogenic effects of Phenytoin?

A

Fetal hydantoin syndrome (intrauterine growth restriction, microcephaly and develop minor dysmorphic craniofacial features and limb defects)

62
Q

What drug may be used to terminate an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Methotrexate

63
Q

Teratogenic effects of Lithium?

A

Ebstein Anomaly

64
Q

Teratogenic effects of Statins?

A

CNS & limb abnormalities

65
Q

Teratogenic effects of Warfarin?

A

Facial/limb/CNS anomalies, spontaneous abortion

66
Q

Teratogenic effects of Isotretinoin?

A

Spontaneous abortion, birth defects

67
Q

Teratogenic effects of Diethylstilbestrol?

A

Clear cell vaginal adenocarcinoma

68
Q

Teratogenic effects of Thalidomide?

A

Phocomelia (limb deformity)

69
Q

Which anticoagulant is safe during pregnancy?

A

Heparin

70
Q

HOX genes

A

determines skeletal layout (limb positioning)

71
Q

Teratogens other than pharmaceuticals?

A

radiation, excessive Vitamin A, maternal diabetes, iodine deficiency, cocaine, tobacco, EtOH

72
Q

Vitamin A excess (teratogen) causes

A

failure of the neural crest cells to migrate (spontaneous abortion, birth defects)

73
Q

Mutation of HOXD-13 causes

A

synpolydactyly (extra fused digit b/w 3-4)

74
Q

SHH

A

detemines A/P axis ZPA

75
Q

Mutation in SHH

A

holoprosencephaly

76
Q

Wnt7

A

organizes D/V axis

77
Q

FGF

A

limb lengthening

78
Q

FGF mutation

A

achondroplasia

79
Q

Most common cause of neural tube defects

A

folic acid derivative

80
Q

most common preventable cause of congenital malformations in the US

A

EtOH use

81
Q

Proteins with a nuclear localization signal may enter the nucleus, this signal is rich in?

A

Proline, Arginine, & Lysine

82
Q

Cyclin/CDKs are degraded by

A

ubiquitin protein ligase

83
Q

p21, p27, & p57 act to

A

bind and inactivate cyclin-CDK complexes

84
Q

What cyclin-CDK complexes are required for the progression from G1–>S?

A

Cyclin D + CDK4

Cyclin E + CDK2

85
Q

What cyclin-CDK complexes are required for the progression from G2–>M?

A

Cyclin A + CDK2

CyClin B + CDK1

86
Q

Describe the MOA of Cyclin D - CDK4 complex

A

phosphorylates Rb –> Rb is unbound to E2F –> unbound E2F is a TF that causes synthesis of components for DNA replication

87
Q

Mutation in Rb is seen in

A

Retinoblastoma & Osteosarcoma

88
Q

cdc25

A

activates Cyclin B - CDK2 complex —> breakdown of nuclear lamins

89
Q

RER function

A

synthesize proteins for secretion outside the cell

90
Q

Free ribosomes function

A

synthesize proteins that remain in the cytosol

91
Q

Nissl Bodies

A

RER in neurons (not in axon)

92
Q

SER function

A

steroid synthesis & detoxification

93
Q

SER is most abundant in what cells

A

adrenal cortex & hepatocytes

94
Q

COP-II

A

coat protein necessary for anterograde trafficking (RER –> GA)

95
Q

COP -I

A

coat protein necessary for retrograde trafficking (GA –> RER)

96
Q

Clathrin

A

traffics hydrolase to lysosomes (trans-GA side)

97
Q

GA protein modifications

A

N-oligosaccharide on Aspargine
O-oligosaccharide on Serine & Threonine
Glycosylates core proteins to form proteoglycans

98
Q

GA + Clathrin send enzymes to the lysosomes by adding what molecule?

A

Mannose-6-Phosphate

99
Q

I-cell Disease Pathogenesis

A

AR inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by deficient mannose phosphorylation; enzymes are secreted out of the cell instead of into lysosomes

100
Q

I-cell Disease Sx

A

Corneal clouding, coarse facies, HSM, skeletal abnormalities, restricted joint movement, MR

101
Q

3 Methods of breaking down proteins?

A

Proteasomal degradation (Ubiquitin), Lysosomal degradation, Calcium-dependent enzymes

102
Q

Chaperone proteins

A

assist in folding and transporting polypeptides

103
Q

Heat shock proteins

A

HSP70 & HSP90 “rescue” shock-stressed proteins from misfolding, if unsuccessful they add ubiquitin to rage for degradation

104
Q

Peroxisomes synthesize

A

plasmalogens (found in myelin)

105
Q

Peroxisomes catalyze the breakdown of

A

very long chain fatty acids & branched chain fatty acids via beta-oxidation, & oxidases/catalases for toxic substance metabolism

106
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

specialized SER found in mm. cells, stores Ca2+ & regulates mm. contraction

107
Q

What is the primary chorionic villi?

A

develops in week 2, and consist of a cytotrophoblast surrounded by syncytiotrophoblast.

108
Q

What is the secondary chorionic villi?

A

develops in week 3 and consist of extraembryonic mesoderm core surrounded by cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

109
Q

What is the tertiary chorionic villi?

A

develops at the end of week 3 and will become the villous chorion, the fetal component of the placenta. It consists of a core of villous (fetal) capillaries surrounded by cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

110
Q

The chorionic villi are

A

finger-like projections of the developing placenta composed of trophoblasts, interspersed by blood-filled sinuses called “intervillous spaces”

DIT (22 decks)

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