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DIT > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Branchial Clefts are derived from

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

Branchial Pouches are derived from

A

Endoderm

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3
Q

Branchial Arches are derived from

A

Mesoderm

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4
Q

1st Branchial Cleft produces

A

External auditory meatus

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5
Q

2-4 Branchial Clefts produce

A

temporary cervical sinuses

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6
Q

If the temporary cervical sinuses persists –>

A

Branchial Cleft cyst on the lateral neck (doesn’t move w/ swallowing)

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7
Q

What other cyst may be confused w/ a Branchial Cleft cyst?

A

Thyroglossal cyst (midline, moves w/ swallowing)

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8
Q

1st Branchial Pouch produces

A

middle ear cavity, eustachian tubes, mastoid air cells

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9
Q

2nd Branchial Pouch produces

A

epithelial lining of the tonsils

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10
Q

3rd Branchial Pouch produces

A

thyroid & inferior parathyroid glands

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11
Q

4th Branchial Pouch produces

A

superior parathyroid glands

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12
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome

A

failure of the 3 & 4 branchial pouches to develop –> absent thymus & parathyroid glands –> T-cell immunodeficiency & hypocalcemia

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13
Q

1st Branchial Arch produces what cartilage

A

Meckel’s cartilage: mandible, mandible ligament, malleus, incus

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14
Q

1st Branchial Arch produces what muscles

A

mm of mastication: masseter, medial/lateral pterygoids, temporalis, mylohyoid, Tensor tympani, Tensor veli palatini, ant. 2/3 of tongue

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15
Q

1st Branchial Arch produces what nerve

A

CN V2 & V3

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16
Q

Failure of Branchial Arch 1 cells to migrate

A

Treacher-Collins Syndrome

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17
Q

2nd Branchial Arch produces what cartilage

A

stapes, styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, lesser horn of hyoid

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18
Q

2nd Branchial Arch produces what muscles

A

mm. of facial expression: stapedius, stylohyoid

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19
Q

2nd Branchial Arch produces what nerve

A

CN 7

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20
Q

3rd Branchial Arch produces what muscle

A

stylopharyngeal m.

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21
Q

3rd Branchial Arch produces what nerve

A

glossopharyngeal n.

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22
Q

Failure of the 2nd Branchial Arch cells to migrate

A

Pharyngocutaneous Fistula

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23
Q

4-6 Branchial Arch produces what cartilage

A

Criocoid & Thyroid cartilages, & cartilage of the larynx

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24
Q

4-6 Branchial Arch produces what muscle

A

Cricothyroid, pharyngeal, laryngeal

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25
Q

4-6 Branchial Arch produces what nerve

A

CN 10

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26
Q

Prosencephalon develops into

A

telencephalon & diencephalon

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27
Q

Mesencephalon develops into

A

Midbrain

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28
Q

Rhombencephalon develops into

A

metencephalon & myelencephalon

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29
Q

Telencephalon develops into

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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30
Q

Diencephalon develops into

A

Thalamus

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31
Q

Metencephalon develops into

A

Cerebellum & pons

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32
Q

Myelencephalon develops into

A

Medulla

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33
Q

What week does the developing brain begin to form

A

week 4 - dilation

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34
Q

Anencephaly is increased risk w/

A

maternal diabetes

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35
Q

Holoprosencephaly is increased risk w/

A

Trisomy 13, FAS, SHH mutation (fx during weeks 5-6)

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36
Q

Dandy-Walker

A

Agenesis of the cerebellar vermis -> 4th ventricle/posterior fossa enlargement

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37
Q

Dandy-Walker is associated w/

A

spina bifida and hydrocephalus

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38
Q

Chiari I

A

mild cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum

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39
Q

Chiari I may cause

A

syringomyelia

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40
Q

Chiari II

A

significant cerebellar tonsils & vermis herniation through foramen magnum

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41
Q

Chiarir II is associated w/

A

lumbosacral myelomeningocele

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42
Q

Chiari II may cause

A

aqueductal stenosis & hydrocepahlus

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43
Q

Syringomyelia

A

cavitary lesion in the spine filled w/ CSF
Compresses STT spinal commissural fibers -> b/l loss of pain&temp in UEs (cape-like distribution)
Severe -> compress ant. horn motor neurons -> hand mm. weakness & atrophy

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44
Q

Most common location of Syringomyelia

A

C8-T1

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45
Q

Syringomyelia is associated w/

A

Chiari I

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46
Q

Reactive Gliosis

A

astrocytes form scar tissue in response to injury

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47
Q

Nissl Bodies

A

RER in neuronal dendrites

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48
Q

BBB

A

Non-fenestrated endothelial tight junctions
BM capillary
Astrocyte foot processes

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49
Q

Astrocyte marker

A

GFAP

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50
Q

Astrocyte tumor

A

Glioblastoma

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51
Q

CNS phagocytes

A

microglia

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52
Q

HIV infection in the CNS

A

microglia giant cell formation

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53
Q

Cell destroyed in Multiple sclerosis

A

Oligodendrocyte

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54
Q

“Fried egg” Appearance

A

Oligodendrocyte (large clear cytoplasm)

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55
Q

Myelin producing cell in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocyte

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56
Q

Myelin producing cell in the PNS

A

Schwann Cells

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57
Q

Acoustic Neuroma

A

Schwanoma in the internal acoustic meatus

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58
Q

B/L Acoustic Neuroma

A

Neurofibromatosis type II

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59
Q

Cell destroyed in Guillain-Barre

A

Schwann Cells

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60
Q

Microglia are derived from

A

Mesoderm

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61
Q

Oligodendrocytes are derived from

A

neuroectoderm

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62
Q

Astrocytes are derived from

A

neuroectoderm

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63
Q

What substances cross the BBB?

A

glucose & a.a. w/ transporter
non-polar, lipid-soluble
ADH & Oxytocin (fenestrated area)

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64
Q

Acute Tx for high ICP

A

Mannitol

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65
Q

Alzheimers Disease

A

Degeneration of basal nucleus of Meynert -> low Choline Acetyltransferase -> low ACh

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66
Q

Site of GABA production

A

Nucleus Accumbens

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67
Q

Site of ACh production

A

Raphe nucleus

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68
Q

Site of NE production

A

Locus ceruleus, reticular formation, solitary tract

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69
Q

Reticular Activation System components

A

Reticular formation, Locus ceruleus, Raphe nucleus

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70
Q

Gerstmann Lesion

A

lesion to dominant angular gyrus

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71
Q

lesion to dominant angular gyrus Sx

A

agraphia, acalculia, R/L disorientation, finger agnosia

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72
Q

Hemispatial neglect - lesion to the

A

non-dominant parietal lobe

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73
Q

Frontal lesion Sx

A

disinhibition, poor judgment, primitive reflexes

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74
Q

Prefrontal lesion Sx

A

inability to complete complex functions

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75
Q

Frontal Eye Field lesion

A

eyes deviate toward side of lesion

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76
Q

PPRF lesion

A

eyes deviate away from side of lesion

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77
Q

Superior Colliculus lesion

A

inability to gaze upward

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78
Q

Parinaud’s Syndrome

A

Superior Colliculus lesion

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79
Q

RAS Lesion

A

stupor & coma

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80
Q

B/L Hippocamous Lesion

A

Anterograde amnesia

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81
Q

Destruction of mammillary bodies is seen in what disorder

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff - thiamine deficiency

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82
Q

Destruction of mammillary bodies Sx

A

nystagmus, opthalmoplegia, ataxia, encephalopathy, anterograde & retrograde amnesia, confabulation

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83
Q

Poor repetition is seen with a lesion to

A

arcuate fasciculus

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84
Q

Poor comprehension is seen w/ a lesion to

A

Wernicke’s area

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85
Q

Poor verbal expression is seen w/ a lesion to

A

Broca’s area

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86
Q

Personality changes & disinhibition is seen w/ a lesion to

A

Frontal cortex

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87
Q

Dysarthria is seen w/ a lesion to

A

Cerebellar vermis

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88
Q

Kluver Bucy Syndrome

A

B/L amygdala lesion

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89
Q

Hemibalism is seen w/ a lesion to

A

the sub thalamic nucleus of the basal ganglia

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90
Q

Parkinson Sx may be seen w/ a lesion to

A

Basal ganglia

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91
Q

Expressive dysprosody is seen w/ a lesion to

inability to express emotion

A

Non-dominant Broca area

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92
Q

Receptive dysprosody is seen w/ a lesion to

inability to comprehend emotion

A

Non-dominant Wernicke’s area

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93
Q

Hemispheric cerebellar lession

A

Ipsilateral limb ataxia & intention tremors are seen w/ a lesion to

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94
Q

Cerebellar vermis lesion

A

affects midline structures -> truncal ataxia & dysarthria

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95
Q

Fracture to the cribiform plate is most likely to lesion

A

CN 1

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96
Q

Lesion to an optic n. would result in

A

Anopsia (blindness in effected eye)

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97
Q

Lesion to the optic chiasm (pituitary tumor)

A

bitemporal hemianopsia

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98
Q

Lesion to an optic tract

A

homonymous hemianopsia

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99
Q

Homonymous hemianopsia w/ macular sparing is likely to result from

A

PCA infarct (macula receives collateral circulation from the MCA)

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100
Q

Bilateral hemianopsia

A

lesion to the optic chiasm

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101
Q

Homonymous hemianopsia

A

lesion to the optic tract

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102
Q

Wallerian Degeneration

A

axonal injury resulting in degeneration distal to the injury& axonal retraction proximally

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103
Q

Each oligodendrocyte myelinates x number of axons

A

~30

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104
Q

Which cell type is injured in Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy?

A

Oligodendrocyte

105
Q

Which cell type is injured in Leukodystrophies?

A

Oligodendrocyte

106
Q

Which cell type is injured in Guillain-Barre?

A

Schwann Cell (endoneurium)

107
Q

Each Schwann cell myelinates x number of axons

A

1 PNS axon

108
Q

In limb reattachment, what investing structure of the nerve must be rejoined?

A

Perineurium

109
Q

GABA is produced where?

A

Nucleus accumbens

110
Q

ACh is produced where?

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert

111
Q

5-HT is produced where?

A

Raphe nucleus

112
Q

Dopamine is produced where?

A

ventral tegmentum & SNc

113
Q

NE is produced where?

A

Locus ceruleus

114
Q

NT imbalance in Anxiety

A

High NE, Low 5-HT, Low GABA

115
Q

NT imbalance in Parkinsons

A

Low DA, High 5-HT, High ACh

116
Q

NT imbalance in Huntingtons

A

High DA, Low ACh, Low GABA

117
Q

NT imbalance in Depression

A

Low NE, DA, & 5-HT

118
Q

Mesocortical Pathway

A

Ventral Tegmental of midbrain -> cortex

119
Q

Results of blocking the Mesocortical Pathway

A

Increased negative Sx of schizophrenia

120
Q

Mesolimbic Pathway

A

Ventral Tegmental of midbrain -> limbic system

121
Q

Results of blocking the Mesolimbic Pathway

A

Relieve positive Sx of Schizophrenia

122
Q

Nigrostriatal Pathway

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta -> neostriatum

123
Q

Results of blocking the Nigrostriatal Pathway

A

Parkinson Disease

124
Q

Tuberoinfundibular Pathway

A

Arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus -> pituitary

125
Q

Results of blocking the Tuberoinfundibular Pathway

A

increased prolactin secretion from ant. pituitary

hypogonadism -> amenorrhea, low libido & gynecomastia in men

126
Q

Bilateral acoustic neuroma

A

Neurofibromatosis type II

127
Q

Degeneration of the Basal nucleus of Meynart?

A

Alzheimers (low ACh)

128
Q

Decreased DA in the substantial nigra pars compacta?

A

Parkinsons

129
Q

3 areas w/ fenestrated capillaries in the brain

A

area postrema - vomiting d/t emetics
Organum Vasculosum Lamina Terminalis - osmotic sensing
Neurohypophysis - ADH release

130
Q

Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

hairless skin for fine touch & position

131
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles

A

deep skin, ligaments for vibration & pressure

132
Q

Merkel Corpuscles

A

hair follicles, basal epidermis - for pressure, position, deep static touch

133
Q

Ischemia to CN3 is likely to cause

A

injury to the motor neurons -> deviation of the eye down & out

134
Q

Mass effect/compression to CN3 is likely to cause

A

injury to the parasympathetic fibers traveling in on CN3 -> pupillary defects

135
Q

Efferent pupillary defect

A

lesions to the oculomotor n. so that 1 eye is unable to constrict (no response to direct or consensual light)

136
Q

Afferent pupillary defect

A

lesion to the optic n. such that light is not perceived by 1 eye resulting in no direct constriction in effected eye or consensual constriction in the opposite (effected eye will constrict to consensual light)

137
Q

CN4 lesion

A

eye drifts upward when looking away from lesion (tilt head AWAY from lesion)

138
Q

CN3 lesion

A

eye points down & out, pupil dilation

139
Q

CN6 lesion

A

eye deviates medially, inability to abduct

140
Q

Function of Anterior Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

Cooling (thermoregulation)

141
Q

Damage to the Anterior Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

HYPERthermia

142
Q

Function of Suprachiasmatic Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

circadian rhythm

143
Q

Function of Preoptic Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

Secrete GnRH

144
Q

Function of Supraoptic Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

Secretes ADH

145
Q

Function of Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

Secretes Oxytocin, CRH, TRH

146
Q

Damage to the Supraoptic Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

Central Diabetes Insipidus

147
Q

Function of Arcuate Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

Secretes GnRH, Pulsatile GnRH
Secretes DA
Regulates appetite

148
Q

Function of Lateral Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

regulates hunger, inhibited by Leptin

149
Q

Function of Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

Regulates satiety, stimulated by Leptin

150
Q

Damage to the Lateral Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

anorexia, weight loss

151
Q

Damage to the Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

obesity & savage behavior

152
Q

Function of Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

regulates hunger

153
Q

Stimulation to the Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

obesity & savage behavior

154
Q

Function of Posterior Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

warming (thermoregulation)

155
Q

Function of Mammillary Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

Memory

156
Q

Damage to the Posterior Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

HYPOthermia

157
Q

Damage to the Mammillary Hypothalamic Nuclei

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff (thiamine def –> periventricular hemorrhage/necrosis)

158
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome presents with a triad of

A

confusion, ophthalmoplegia, and ataxia

159
Q

Korsakoff’s Psychosis is a progression from Wernicke’s encephalopathy which consists of

A

irreversible memory loss, confabulation, and personality changes

160
Q

Hemiballismus is d/t

A

contralateral lesion of the sub thalamic nucleus

161
Q

Chorea is d/t

A

Caudate atrophy seen in Huntington (basal ganglia)

162
Q

Athetosis

A

slow, writhing, snake-like movement

163
Q

Athetosis is d/t

A

Caudate atrophy seen in Huntington (basal ganglia)

164
Q

Essential Tremor

A

tremor at rest & w/ movement; 50% FHx

165
Q

Intentional Tremor

A

tremor w/ movement (cerebellar dysfunction)

166
Q

Resting Tremor

A

tremor at rest & relieved by movement (Parkinson)

167
Q

Dominant parietal lobe lesion

A

agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, L-to-R disorientation

168
Q

Non-dominant parietal lobe lesion

A

Hemispatial neglect

169
Q

Nerve injured w/ anterior hip dislocation?

A

Obturator n.

170
Q

Nerve injured w/ disc herniation

A

sciatic n.

171
Q

Nerve injured w/ pelvic fracture

A

femoral n.

172
Q

Nerve injured w/ posterior hip dislocation

A

Superior & Inferior gluteal n.

173
Q

Nerve injured w/ knee injury

A

tibial n.

174
Q

Nerve injured w/ lateral knee injury

A

Deep fibular n.

175
Q

Nerve providing sensation to the lower leg?

A

Sciatic n.

176
Q

Nerve injury resulting in foot drop?

A

common fibular n. or deep fibular n.

177
Q

Nerve injury resulting in trendelenburg gait

A

Superior gluteal n.

178
Q

Nerve required for foot plantar flexion?

A

tibial n.

179
Q

Nerve required for hip extension

A

Inferior gluteal n.

180
Q

Nerve required for thigh adduction

A

Obturator n.

181
Q

Nerve required for thigh flexion

A

Femoral n.

182
Q

Nerve required for sensation to the anterior thigh

A

Femoral n.

183
Q

Nerve required for sensation to the medial thigh

A

Obturator n.

184
Q

Nerve required for thigh extension

A

Sciatic n.

185
Q

Meckel nerve ending

A

slow adaptation, static pressure, superficial (fingertips, hair follicles)

186
Q

Meissner nerve ending

A

rapid adaptation, light touch, fingertips, superficial

187
Q

Raffinian nerve ending

A

slow, position sense, deep (SQ), spindle-shape

188
Q

Pacinian nerve ending

A

vibration, rapid, deeper (onion-shaped)

189
Q

A-delta

A

rapid, myelinated, sharp pain, cold

190
Q

C-fibers

A

slow, unmyelinated, dull warm pain

191
Q

B/L Bell’s Palsy

A

Guillain-Barre or Lyme’s Disease

192
Q

Neurotransmitter changes that occur in anxiety include

A

increased norepinephrine, decreased GABA, and decreased serotonin

193
Q

Neurotransmitter changes that occur in depression include

A

decreased norepinephrine, decreased serotonin, and decreased dopamine

194
Q

Neurotransmitter changes that occur in Alzheimer’s dementia include

A

decreased acetylcholine and increased glutamate.

195
Q

Neurotransmitter changes that occur in Huntington’s disease include

A

increased dopamine, decreased GABA, and decreased acetylcholine

196
Q

In schizophrenia, there is increased dopamine in the

A

mesolimbic pathway (positive symptoms)

197
Q

In schizophrenia, there is decreased dopamine in the

A

mesocortical pathway (negative symptoms)

198
Q

Neurotransmitter changes that occur in Parkinson’s disease include

A

decreased dopamine, decreased serotonin, and increased acetylcholine

199
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory NT

200
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory NT

201
Q

Substantia Nigra pars compacta -> indirect pathway

A

inhibits Neostriatum (->inhibits Globus Pallidus ext. ->inhibits Subthalamic Nuclei-> stimulates Globus Pallidus int. -> inhibits thalamus -> stimulates Cortex) —-> MOVEMENT STIMULATED

202
Q

Substantia Nigra pars compacta -> direct pathway

A

stimulate Neostriatum (-> inhibit globus pallidus int. -> inhibit thalamus -> stimulates cortex) ——> MOVEMENT STIMULATED

203
Q

Eosinophilic inclusion in the cytoplasm of neurons

A

Lew Body (Parkinsons ds & Lewy Body Dementia)

204
Q

Norepinephrine (NE) is a catecholamine and the primary neurotransmitter of

A

postganglionic sympathetic neurons.

205
Q

Dopamine (DA) plays a role in:

A

Cognition
Motor Functions
Neuroendocrine Functions

206
Q

Serotonin (5-HT) plays a role in the following functions:

A

Arousal
Sensory Perception
Emotion
Higher Cognition

207
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh) is the major neurotransmitter of the:

A

Peripheral nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers

208
Q

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system.

209
Q

Glutamate is the major

A

excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system and makes up 60% of brain synapses.

210
Q

Frontal lobe function

A

Motor function, Problem solving, Spontaneity, Memory, Language, Initiation, Judgement
Impulse control, Social and sexual behavior

211
Q

Parietal lobe function

A

integrates sensory information from different modalities
dominant - language and mathematics
non-dominant - imagery and spatial relationships

212
Q

Temporal lobe function

A

auditory perception

213
Q

Occipital lobe function

A

visual processing

214
Q

Unilateral Occipital lobe destruction causes

A

contralateral hemianopia or quadrantopia and bilateral lesions cause cortical blindness

215
Q

Bilateral destruction of the mammillary bodies

A

(Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome) leads to confusion, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confabulation, and personality changes.

216
Q

Reticular activating system/reticular formation function

A

arousal and sleep-wake transitions

217
Q

Extreme damage of the reticular formation can cause

A

coma

218
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A

B/L anygdala lesion –> hyerphagia, hypersexuality, anterograde amnesia

219
Q

Hippocampus function

A

crucial for learning and consolidation of memories

220
Q

Intrafusal mm. fibers

A

send 1a signal to spinal cord conveying information about the length of the mm. fiber
–> increased mm. contraction

221
Q

Golgi tendon

A

send 1b signal to spinal cord conveying information about the tension of the mm. fiber
–> inhibits mm. contraction

222
Q

What sensory receptor communicates pricking pain (fast, myelinated)

A

A-delta

223
Q

What sensory receptor communicates burning, dull pain?

A

C fiber

224
Q

What sensory receptor communicates vibration & pressure?

A

Pacinian

225
Q

What sensory receptor communicates dynamic/changing light, discriminatory touch?

A

Meissners

226
Q

What sensory receptor communicates static/unchanging light touch

A

Meckel

227
Q

What sensory receptor communicates proprioception of mm. length

A

Intrafusal

228
Q

What sensory receptor communicates proprioception of mm. tension

A

Golgi tendon

229
Q

Guillain-Barre pathogenesis

A

Autoimmune Disease – molecular mimicry; often following Campylobacter jejuni infection

230
Q

Guillain-Barre results in destruction of

A

Schwann cells

231
Q

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy results in destruction of

A

oligodendrocytes

232
Q

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy is seen after

A

JC viral infection (AIDs)

233
Q

Guillain-Barre Sx

A

ascending mm. weakness, B/L facial mm. paralysis, respiratory mm. weakness (w/o sensory loss)

234
Q

Common causes of otitis externa

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa > S. aureus

235
Q

Tx for otitis externa

A

topical Abx & irrigation

236
Q

Common causes of otitis media

A

S. pneumo, ntHi, M. catarrhalis

237
Q

Tx for otitis media

A

Amoxicillin +/- Clavulanic acid, Cephalosporin, T-tubes

238
Q

Meniere Ds Sx

A

intermittent vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss

239
Q

Meniere Ds pathogenesis

A

imbalance of fluid & electrolytes in the endolymph

240
Q

Cholesteatoma

A

cystic lesion (grayish & pearly) lined by keratinizing squamous epithelium filled w/ amorphous debris

241
Q

Dementia + visual hallucinations

A

Lewy Body Dementia

242
Q

Dementia + progressive aphasia

A

Frontotemporal dementia/Pick Disease

243
Q

Dementia + ataxia & loss of pupillary light reflex

A

Tertiary Syphilis

244
Q

Dementia + megaloblastic anemia & peripheral neuropathy

A

Vitamin B12 def.

245
Q

Dementia + resting tremor & bradykinesia

A

Parkinson Ds

246
Q

Dementia + uninhibited social behavior

A

Frontotemporal dementia/Pick Disease

247
Q

Dementia + urinary incontinence & magnetic gait

A

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

248
Q

Dementia + syncopal episodes

A

Lewy Body Dementia

249
Q

Dementia + dysarthria & liver disease

A

Wilson ds

250
Q

Dementia + myoclonus

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Ds

251
Q

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus is what type of hydrocephalus

A

Communicating hydrocephalus (most common)

252
Q

Communicating hydrocephalus is caused by

A

decreased resorption of CSF by the arachnoid granulations

253
Q

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Sx are a result of

A

enlarged ventricles compressing the corona radiata

254
Q

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Sx

A

urinary incontinence, ataxia, and cognitive dysfunction (often reversible)

255
Q

Cingulate (subfalcine) herniation

A

cerebral hemisphere displaces the cingulate gyrus under the falx cerebri.

256
Q

A downward transtentorial (central) herniation occurs when the

A

diencephalon and the medial aspects of the temporal lobe are squeezed through a notch in the tentorium cerebelli.

257
Q

A descending transtentorial uncal herniation

A

the uncus, the most medial aspect of the temporal lobe, puts pressure on the brainstem (particularly the midbrain).

258
Q

Cerebellar tonsillar herniation occurs when the

A

cerebellar tonsils are displaced through the foramen magnum.

DIT (22 decks)

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