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1
Q

S/E of b-agonists

A

Hypokalemia

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2
Q

IF: granular pattern of immune complex deposition; LM: diffuse capillary thickening

A

membranous GN or Diffuse Proliferative GN

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3
Q

IF: granular pattern of IC deposition; LM: hyper cellular glomeruli

A

Acute PSGN

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4
Q

IF: deposition of IgG, IgM, IgA, C3 in the mesangium

A

Acute PSGN

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5
Q

EM: sub endothelial humps and “tram-track” appearance

A

Membranoproliferative GN

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6
Q

Crescent formation in glomeruli

A

RPGN

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7
Q

LM: segmental sclerosis & hyalinosis

A

Focal Segmental glomerulosclerosis

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8
Q

EM: spiking if the GBM d/t electron-dense sub epithelial deposits

A

Membranous GN

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9
Q

Heparin MOA

A

enhances Anti-thrombin III activity, blocking thrombin

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10
Q

Thrombolytics MOA

A

activate plasmin to degrade fibrin

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11
Q

Warfarin MOA

A

inhibit epoxide reductase (recycles Vit k)

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12
Q

Absence of HGPRTase

A

Lesch-Nyhan

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13
Q

Aldolase B deficiency

A

Fructose intolerance

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14
Q

Cystathionine Synthase deficiency

A

Homocysteinuria

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15
Q

Galactose-1-phosphate UDT deficiency

A

Galactosemia

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16
Q

MR, HSM, cataracts

A

Galactosemia

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17
Q

Tyrosinase deficiency

A

Albinism

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18
Q

Burr cells/Echinocytes are seen w/

A

kidney disease (uremia) (regular spiking of RBC)

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19
Q

Acanthocytes/Spur cells are seen w/

A

abetalipoproteinemia, Liver ds (irregular RBC spiking)

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20
Q

Deficiency of spectrin or ankyrin

A

Hereditary spherocytosis

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21
Q

Target cells are seen w/

A

“THAL” Thalassemia, HbC, Asplenia, Liver Ds

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22
Q

Sideroblasts are seen w/

A

sideroblastic anemia (iron in mito)

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23
Q

“spike and dome” appearance

A

Membranous GN

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24
Q

“Tram-track” appliance of sub endothelial humps

A

Membranoproliferative GN

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25
Q

rate-limiting enzyme of heme synthesis

A

ALA synthase (glycine + succinyl-CoA -> delta-ALA)

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26
Q

Acute Intermittent Porphyria Sx

A

abd pain, red urine, polyneuropathy, psych disturbances

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27
Q

Acute Intermittent Porphyria - enzyme deficiency?

A

porphobilinogen

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28
Q

Acute Intermittent Porphyria - Tx

A

Heme & glucose (negative feedback to ALA synthase)

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29
Q

Porphyria Cutanea Tarda - Sx

A

blistering of skin, photosensitive, tea-colored urine, hypertrichosis, facial hyperpigmentation

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30
Q

Porphyria Cutanea Tarda - enzyme deficiency

A

Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

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31
Q

Lead poisoning Sx

A

encephalopathy, foot/wrist drop, lead lines on gingiva, abd pain, basophilic stippling

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32
Q

Lead poisoning Tx

A

EDTA/succimer, if severe -> Dimercaprol

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33
Q

Lead poisoning MOA

A

inhibits heme synthesis (blocks ALA dehydratase & Ferrochelatase)

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34
Q

Tumors that can cause polycythemia vera

A

Pheochromocytoma, Renal cell carcinoma, HCC, Hemangioblastoma

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35
Q

Shine-Delgarno element

A

downstream from AUG start codon in prokaryotes, recognizes 16S rRNA & 30S subunit

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36
Q

Streptomycin MOA

A

inhibits the initiation of protein synthesis by binding & distorting 30S ribosome structure

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37
Q

Fomepizol MOA

A

inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase

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38
Q

Disulfiram MOA

A

inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

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39
Q

Order of the speed of conduction w/in the heart

A

Fast->Slow: Purkinje -> Atrial mm. -> Venricular mm. -> AV node

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40
Q

Pancoast tumors often compress

A

brachial plexus to cause I/L shoulder pain & cervical sympathetic chain to cause Horner’s syndrome

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41
Q

Pancoast tumor origin

A

Squamous cell carcinoma or Adenocarcinoma

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42
Q

Tumor w/ high thymidine uptake suggest

A

high DNA synthesis -> high grade

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43
Q

Azoles MOA

A

inhibit the synthesis of Ergosterol by the fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes

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44
Q

Auer rods

A

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

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45
Q

Causes of Vitamin B12 def

A

low intake, pernicious anemia, celiacs, Diphyllobothrium latum

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46
Q

Hexokinase v Glucokinase

A

Hexokinase is found in most cells (low Km, high affinity)

Glucokinase is found in hepatocytes & b-cells (high Km, high Vmax)

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47
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase cofactors

A

Thiamine, Lipoic acid, CoA, FAD, NAD+

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48
Q

Substrate & cofactor for GABA production

A

Glutamate + B6

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49
Q

Hb Barts

A

4 gamma globin chains -> fatal

50
Q

Tx of hemochromatosis

A

Deferoxamine

51
Q

Orotic aciduria - enzyme deficiency

A

UMP synthase

52
Q

Orotic aciduria - Sx

A

megaloblastic anemia, no hyperammonemia

53
Q

RLS of beta-oxidation of fatty acids

A

Carnitine Acyltransferase-1

54
Q

Dx test for Hereditary spherocytosis

A

Osmotic fragility test

55
Q

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria - deficiency

A

missing CD55 & CD59 -> complement attacks RBCs

56
Q

Cold Agglutinins

A

IgM production d/t EBV, Mycoplasma –> RBC lysis

57
Q

Osteomyelitis in Sickle Cell pt

A

Salmonella

58
Q

Tx for Sickle Cell pt

A

Hydroxyurea

59
Q

Warm Agglutinins

A

IgG production d/t Virus, Lupus, Malignancy, Congenital immune abnormality –> RBC lysis

60
Q

Infectious agents that may cause brown gallstones

A

E. coli, Ascaris lumbricoides, O. sinensis

61
Q

Enzyme released by injured hepatocytes that may cause brown gallstones

A

b-glucuronidase

62
Q

7a-hydroxylase MOA

A

converts cholesterol to bile acids (reducing the chance of gallstones)

63
Q

Desmolase MOA

A

breaks C-C bonds, plays a role in respiration and fermentation

64
Q

Esophageal ulcerations in immunocompromised pt is caused by

A

CMV

65
Q

Polyuria that resolves w/ Vasopressin

A

Central Diabetes Insipidus

66
Q

Red urine in the morning

A

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

67
Q

HTN + hypokalemia + metabolic acidosis

A

Hyperaldosteronism

68
Q

Fever + night sweats + weight loss

A

TB, Lymphoma

69
Q

nystagmus + scanning speech + intention tremor

A

Multiple Sclerosis

70
Q

vWF MOA

A

binds exposed collagen to GpIb on platelets

71
Q

Platelet activation results in secretion of

A

ADP, PDGF, fibrinogen, serotonin, lysosomal enzymes, TBXA2, Ca2+, thrombin

72
Q

Gp2b/3a MOA

A

platelets after activation -> binds fibrinogen

73
Q

ITP MOA

A

Ab to Gp2b/3a -> destruction of platelets

74
Q

ITP Tx

A

Steroids, IVIG, splenectomy

75
Q

ITP Sx

A

microhemorrhages, nose bleeds, petechiae, inc bleeding time

76
Q

TTP MOA

A

def in ADAMTS13 -> platelet aggregation -> thrombosis

77
Q

Muscle cramps + dark urine following exercise

A

McArdle Disease

78
Q

ADAMTS13 def

A

TTP: widespread thrombosis d/t vWF -> thrombocytopenia

79
Q

Glanzman Thrombasthenia - defective

A

Gp2b/3a -> abnormal platelet aggregation -> inc bleeding time

80
Q

vWF Disease - MOA

A

defective vWF -> inc bleeding time & prolonged PTT

81
Q

vWF Tx

A

Desmopressin (DDAVP)

82
Q

Bernard-Soulier Disease - defective ?

A

Gp1b -> inability to bind platelets to vWF on collagen

83
Q

Bernard-Soulier Disease - Sx

A

inc bleeding time, enlarged platelets

84
Q

DIC

A

widespread activation of clotting, inc bleeding time, PT, PTT, D-dimer, & low platelets & fibrin

85
Q

Triad of HUS Sx

A

Hemolysis, renal insufficiency, thrombocytopenia

86
Q

Pentad of TTP Sx

A

Hemolysis, renal insufficiency, thrombocytopenia, Neuro Sx, Fever

87
Q

DIC causes

A

obstetric complication, trauma, sepsis, pancreatitis, malignancy, tranfusion

88
Q

Fructose Intolerance - deficiency of

A

Aldolase B

89
Q

Essential Fructosuria - deficiency of

A

Fructokinase

90
Q

Classic Galactosemia - deficiency of

A

Galactose-1-phosphate UDP

91
Q

Thyroid cells w/ optically clear cytoplasm “orphan annie nuclei”

A

Papillary carcinoma

92
Q

Anemia w/ hypersegmented neutrophils

A

Megaloblastic anemia

93
Q

Eczema + recurrent infections + thrombocytopenia

A

Wiskott-Aldrich

94
Q

Hemosiderinuria + thrombosis

A

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

95
Q

Most common lymphoma in adults

A

Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma

96
Q

Most common lymphoma in children

A

Lymphoblastic Lymphoma

97
Q

Reed-sternberg cells are seen w/

A

Hodgkin Lymphoma

98
Q

Lymphoma assoc w/ Long-term Celiac Ds

A

Intestinal T-cell

99
Q

Starry sky appearance

A

Burkitt Lymphoma

100
Q

Lymphoma assoc w/ Sjogren syndrome, Hashimoto thyroiditis, H. pylori

A

Marginal Cell MALToma

101
Q

Focal myocardial inflammation w/ multinucleate giant cells

A

Aschoff bodies seen in Rheumatic Fever

102
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic globules near nucleus in liver

A

Mallory Bodies

103
Q

Onion skinning of periosteum

A

Ewing Sarcoma

104
Q

Pseudopalisading tumor arrangement

A

Glioblastoma

105
Q

Elevated serum uric acid

A

gout, Lesch-Nyhan, Myeloproliferative disease

106
Q

Inherited defect in tubular amino acid transport

A

Hartnup disease, Cystinuria

107
Q

Deficiency in homogentisic acid oxidase

A

Alkaptonuria

108
Q

Blocked degradation of branched chain amino acids

A

Maple Syrup urine disease

109
Q

atrophic glossitis, iron-deficient anemia, esophageal webs

A

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome

110
Q

HbH

A

seen in alpha-thalassemia w/ 3 allele deletions -> beta-globins form tetramers (HbH)

111
Q

Lead poisoning inhibits

A

ferrochelatase, ALA dehydratase, rRNA degradation enzyme –> impaired heme synthesis & basophilic stippling

112
Q

Sideroblastic anemia - deficiency of

A

ALA synthase (X-linked)

113
Q

Tx for Sideroblastic anemia

A

pyridoxine

114
Q

t(14,18)

A

Follicular Lymphoma (activation of Bcl2)

115
Q

t(11;14)

A

Mantle Cell Lymphoma (activation of Cyclin D1)

116
Q

Glomus tumor

A

sensitive tumor under nail bed originated from modified smooth muscle cells that control thermoregulation

117
Q

Carbolfuschin staining

A

Acid-fast stain (mycobacteria, nocardia) retains stain d/t my colic acid content

118
Q

Enteropeptidase activates

A

Trypsinogen—> Trypsin (essential for protein digestion)

119
Q

t(9,22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome: CML bcr-abl

120
Q

t(8;14)

A

Burkitt Lymphoma (c-myc activation)

121
Q

T(15,17)

A

AML M3 type (retinoid acid receptor)

DIT (22 decks)

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