KNOW THIS Flashcards
1
Q
S/E of b-agonists
A
Hypokalemia
2
Q
IF: granular pattern of immune complex deposition; LM: diffuse capillary thickening
A
membranous GN or Diffuse Proliferative GN
3
Q
IF: granular pattern of IC deposition; LM: hyper cellular glomeruli
A
Acute PSGN
4
Q
IF: deposition of IgG, IgM, IgA, C3 in the mesangium
A
Acute PSGN
5
Q
EM: sub endothelial humps and “tram-track” appearance
A
Membranoproliferative GN
6
Q
Crescent formation in glomeruli
A
RPGN
7
Q
LM: segmental sclerosis & hyalinosis
A
Focal Segmental glomerulosclerosis
8
Q
EM: spiking if the GBM d/t electron-dense sub epithelial deposits
A
Membranous GN
9
Q
Heparin MOA
A
enhances Anti-thrombin III activity, blocking thrombin
10
Q
Thrombolytics MOA
A
activate plasmin to degrade fibrin
11
Q
Warfarin MOA
A
inhibit epoxide reductase (recycles Vit k)
12
Q
Absence of HGPRTase
A
Lesch-Nyhan
13
Q
Aldolase B deficiency
A
Fructose intolerance
14
Q
Cystathionine Synthase deficiency
A
Homocysteinuria
15
Q
Galactose-1-phosphate UDT deficiency
A
Galactosemia
16
Q
MR, HSM, cataracts
A
Galactosemia
17
Q
Tyrosinase deficiency
A
Albinism
18
Q
Burr cells/Echinocytes are seen w/
A
kidney disease (uremia) (regular spiking of RBC)
19
Q
Acanthocytes/Spur cells are seen w/
A
abetalipoproteinemia, Liver ds (irregular RBC spiking)
20
Q
Deficiency of spectrin or ankyrin
A
Hereditary spherocytosis
21
Q
Target cells are seen w/
A
“THAL” Thalassemia, HbC, Asplenia, Liver Ds
22
Q
Sideroblasts are seen w/
A
sideroblastic anemia (iron in mito)
23
Q
“spike and dome” appearance
A
Membranous GN
24
Q
“Tram-track” appliance of sub endothelial humps
A
Membranoproliferative GN
25
rate-limiting enzyme of heme synthesis
ALA synthase (glycine + succinyl-CoA -> delta-ALA)
26
Acute Intermittent Porphyria Sx
abd pain, red urine, polyneuropathy, psych disturbances
27
Acute Intermittent Porphyria - enzyme deficiency?
porphobilinogen
28
Acute Intermittent Porphyria - Tx
Heme & glucose (negative feedback to ALA synthase)
29
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda - Sx
blistering of skin, photosensitive, tea-colored urine, hypertrichosis, facial hyperpigmentation
30
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda - enzyme deficiency
Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
31
Lead poisoning Sx
encephalopathy, foot/wrist drop, lead lines on gingiva, abd pain, basophilic stippling
32
Lead poisoning Tx
EDTA/succimer, if severe -> Dimercaprol
33
Lead poisoning MOA
inhibits heme synthesis (blocks ALA dehydratase & Ferrochelatase)
34
Tumors that can cause polycythemia vera
Pheochromocytoma, Renal cell carcinoma, HCC, Hemangioblastoma
35
Shine-Delgarno element
downstream from AUG start codon in prokaryotes, recognizes 16S rRNA & 30S subunit
36
Streptomycin MOA
inhibits the initiation of protein synthesis by binding & distorting 30S ribosome structure
37
Fomepizol MOA
inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase
38
Disulfiram MOA
inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
39
Order of the speed of conduction w/in the heart
Fast->Slow: Purkinje -> Atrial mm. -> Venricular mm. -> AV node
40
Pancoast tumors often compress
brachial plexus to cause I/L shoulder pain & cervical sympathetic chain to cause Horner's syndrome
41
Pancoast tumor origin
Squamous cell carcinoma or Adenocarcinoma
42
Tumor w/ high thymidine uptake suggest
high DNA synthesis -> high grade
43
Azoles MOA
inhibit the synthesis of Ergosterol by the fungal cytochrome P450 enzymes
44
Auer rods
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
45
Causes of Vitamin B12 def
low intake, pernicious anemia, celiacs, Diphyllobothrium latum
46
Hexokinase v Glucokinase
Hexokinase is found in most cells (low Km, high affinity)
| Glucokinase is found in hepatocytes & b-cells (high Km, high Vmax)
47
Pyruvate dehydrogenase cofactors
Thiamine, Lipoic acid, CoA, FAD, NAD+
48
Substrate & cofactor for GABA production
Glutamate + B6
49
Hb Barts
4 gamma globin chains -> fatal
50
Tx of hemochromatosis
Deferoxamine
51
Orotic aciduria - enzyme deficiency
UMP synthase
52
Orotic aciduria - Sx
megaloblastic anemia, no hyperammonemia
53
RLS of beta-oxidation of fatty acids
Carnitine Acyltransferase-1
54
Dx test for Hereditary spherocytosis
Osmotic fragility test
55
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria - deficiency
missing CD55 & CD59 -> complement attacks RBCs
56
Cold Agglutinins
IgM production d/t EBV, Mycoplasma --> RBC lysis
57
Osteomyelitis in Sickle Cell pt
Salmonella
58
Tx for Sickle Cell pt
Hydroxyurea
59
Warm Agglutinins
IgG production d/t Virus, Lupus, Malignancy, Congenital immune abnormality --> RBC lysis
60
Infectious agents that may cause brown gallstones
E. coli, Ascaris lumbricoides, O. sinensis
61
Enzyme released by injured hepatocytes that may cause brown gallstones
b-glucuronidase
62
7a-hydroxylase MOA
converts cholesterol to bile acids (reducing the chance of gallstones)
63
Desmolase MOA
breaks C-C bonds, plays a role in respiration and fermentation
64
Esophageal ulcerations in immunocompromised pt is caused by
CMV
65
Polyuria that resolves w/ Vasopressin
Central Diabetes Insipidus
66
Red urine in the morning
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
67
HTN + hypokalemia + metabolic acidosis
Hyperaldosteronism
68
Fever + night sweats + weight loss
TB, Lymphoma
69
nystagmus + scanning speech + intention tremor
Multiple Sclerosis
70
vWF MOA
binds exposed collagen to GpIb on platelets
71
Platelet activation results in secretion of
ADP, PDGF, fibrinogen, serotonin, lysosomal enzymes, TBXA2, Ca2+, thrombin
72
Gp2b/3a MOA
platelets after activation -> binds fibrinogen
73
ITP MOA
Ab to Gp2b/3a -> destruction of platelets
74
ITP Tx
Steroids, IVIG, splenectomy
75
ITP Sx
microhemorrhages, nose bleeds, petechiae, inc bleeding time
76
TTP MOA
def in ADAMTS13 -> platelet aggregation -> thrombosis
77
Muscle cramps + dark urine following exercise
McArdle Disease
78
ADAMTS13 def
TTP: widespread thrombosis d/t vWF -> thrombocytopenia
79
Glanzman Thrombasthenia - defective
Gp2b/3a -> abnormal platelet aggregation -> inc bleeding time
80
vWF Disease - MOA
defective vWF -> inc bleeding time & prolonged PTT
81
vWF Tx
Desmopressin (DDAVP)
82
Bernard-Soulier Disease - defective ?
Gp1b -> inability to bind platelets to vWF on collagen
83
Bernard-Soulier Disease - Sx
inc bleeding time, enlarged platelets
84
DIC
widespread activation of clotting, inc bleeding time, PT, PTT, D-dimer, & low platelets & fibrin
85
Triad of HUS Sx
Hemolysis, renal insufficiency, thrombocytopenia
86
Pentad of TTP Sx
Hemolysis, renal insufficiency, thrombocytopenia, Neuro Sx, Fever
87
DIC causes
obstetric complication, trauma, sepsis, pancreatitis, malignancy, tranfusion
88
Fructose Intolerance - deficiency of
Aldolase B
89
Essential Fructosuria - deficiency of
Fructokinase
90
Classic Galactosemia - deficiency of
Galactose-1-phosphate UDP
91
Thyroid cells w/ optically clear cytoplasm "orphan annie nuclei"
Papillary carcinoma
92
Anemia w/ hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia
93
Eczema + recurrent infections + thrombocytopenia
Wiskott-Aldrich
94
Hemosiderinuria + thrombosis
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
95
Most common lymphoma in adults
Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma
96
Most common lymphoma in children
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
97
Reed-sternberg cells are seen w/
Hodgkin Lymphoma
98
Lymphoma assoc w/ Long-term Celiac Ds
Intestinal T-cell
99
Starry sky appearance
Burkitt Lymphoma
100
Lymphoma assoc w/ Sjogren syndrome, Hashimoto thyroiditis, H. pylori
Marginal Cell MALToma
101
Focal myocardial inflammation w/ multinucleate giant cells
Aschoff bodies seen in Rheumatic Fever
102
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic globules near nucleus in liver
Mallory Bodies
103
Onion skinning of periosteum
Ewing Sarcoma
104
Pseudopalisading tumor arrangement
Glioblastoma
105
Elevated serum uric acid
gout, Lesch-Nyhan, Myeloproliferative disease
106
Inherited defect in tubular amino acid transport
Hartnup disease, Cystinuria
107
Deficiency in homogentisic acid oxidase
Alkaptonuria
108
Blocked degradation of branched chain amino acids
Maple Syrup urine disease
109
atrophic glossitis, iron-deficient anemia, esophageal webs
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
110
HbH
seen in alpha-thalassemia w/ 3 allele deletions -> beta-globins form tetramers (HbH)
111
Lead poisoning inhibits
ferrochelatase, ALA dehydratase, rRNA degradation enzyme --> impaired heme synthesis & basophilic stippling
112
Sideroblastic anemia - deficiency of
ALA synthase (X-linked)
113
Tx for Sideroblastic anemia
pyridoxine
114
t(14,18)
Follicular Lymphoma (activation of Bcl2)
115
t(11;14)
Mantle Cell Lymphoma (activation of Cyclin D1)
116
Glomus tumor
sensitive tumor under nail bed originated from modified smooth muscle cells that control thermoregulation
117
Carbolfuschin staining
Acid-fast stain (mycobacteria, nocardia) retains stain d/t my colic acid content
118
Enteropeptidase activates
Trypsinogen---> Trypsin (essential for protein digestion)
119
t(9,22)
Philadelphia chromosome: CML bcr-abl
120
t(8;14)
Burkitt Lymphoma (c-myc activation)
121
T(15,17)
AML M3 type (retinoid acid receptor)
