Endocrinology

Question 1

Hormones that use cAMP Signaling Pathway

Answer 1

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, b-hCG, MSH, GnRH, CRH, PTH, Calcitonin, Glucagon, V2

Question 2

Hormones that use cGMP Signaling Pathway

Answer 2

NO, ANP

Question 3

Hormones that use IP3 Signaling Pathway

Answer 3

GnRH, TRH, Oxytocin, V1

Question 4

Hormones that use Steroid Receptor Signaling Pathway

Answer 4

Sex hormones, Glucocorticoids, Aldosterone, TH, Vitamin D

Question 5

What hormones increases blood glucose levels & decreases protein synthesis?

Answer 5

Glucocorticoids

Question 6

Oxytocin is produced in

Answer 6

Paraventricular nucleus of the Hypothalamus

-> Posterior Pituitary

Question 7

ANH is secreted from

Answer 7

atria of the heart

Question 8

Vasopressin is produced in

Answer 8

Supraoptic nucleus of the Hypothalamus

-> Posterior Pituitary

Question 9

Calcitonin is secreted from

Answer 9

Parafollicular cells of the thyroid

Question 10

Glucocorticoids are secreted from

Answer 10

Zona fasciculata of Adrenal Cortex

Question 11

Glucagon is secreted from

Answer 11

alpha-cells of the pancreas

Question 12

Insulin secreted from

Answer 12

beta-cells of the pancreas

Question 13

Epi & NE are secreted from

Answer 13

Chromaffin cells of the Adrenal Medulla

Question 14

Somatostatin is secreted from

Answer 14

delta-cells of the pancreas

Question 15

Mineralcorticoids are secreted from

Answer 15

zona glomerulosa of Adrenal Cortex

Question 16

Mineralcorticoids are secreted from

Answer 16

zona glomerulosa of Adrenal Cortex

Question 17

ADH Functions

Answer 17

increases H2O permeability in the collecting duct (decrease urine volume) & vasoconstriction (increase BP)

Question 18

ADH is released in response to

Answer 18

Nicotine, Opiates, High serum osmolarity, low BP

Question 19

ADH release is inhibited by

Answer 19

EtOH, ANF, low Serum osmolarity, high BP

Question 20

Oxytocin is released in response to

Answer 20

cervical dilation & suckling

Question 21

Oxytocin release is inhibited by

Answer 21

EtOH, stress

Question 22

POMC is cleaved into

Answer 22

ACTH, MSH, Lipotropin, b-endorphins

Question 23

Why would Primary Adrenal Insufficiency cause hyperpigmentation?

Answer 23

low cortisol -> increased release of ACTH from POMC (increases MSH release)

Question 24

Hyperprolactinoma Sx

Answer 24

Hypogonadism - infertility, amenorrhea, galactorrhea, bitemporal hemianopia

Question 25

Prolactin release is stimulated by

Answer 25

TRH, nipple stimulation, stress

Question 26

Prolactin release is inhibited by

Answer 26

Dopamine

Question 27

Tx for Prolactinoma

Answer 27

Bromocriptine (DA agonist)

Question 28

Somatostatin function

Answer 28

reduces BF to GIT, reduces pancreatic enzyme secretion, reduces hormone secretion from CNS & PNS

Question 29

Octreotide is a

Answer 29

Somatostatin analog

Question 30

Octreotide is used to Tx

Answer 30

Pituitary excess, GI endocrine excess, reduce splanchnic BF

Question 31

Sheehan Syndrome

Answer 31

post-partum hemorrhage infracting the ant. pituitary -> hypopituitarism -> inability to breastfeed, amenorrhea, cold intolerance

Question 32

Acromegaly & Gigantism

Answer 32

GH excess -> coarse facial features, large tongue, hands, feet, deep voice (children are tall)

Question 33

Which hormones share the same alpha subunit?

Answer 33

LH, FSH, TSH, b-hCG

Question 34

Empty Sella

Answer 34

sella turcica is replaced by an empty space -> often ASx or may have pituitary deficiencies

Question 35

Empty Sella

Answer 35

sella turcica is replaced by an empty space -> often ASx or may have pituitary deficiencies

Question 36

What effect on pituitary hormones can antipsychotics have?

Answer 36

DA antagonists -> increase Prolactin levels

Question 37

What effect on pituitary hormones can antipsychotics have?

Answer 37

DA antagonists -> increase Prolactin levels

Question 38

What effect on pituitary hormones can antipsychotics have?

Answer 38

DA antagonists -> increase Prolactin levels

Question 39

What effect on pituitary hormones can antipsychotics have?

Answer 39

DA antagonists -> increase Prolactin levels