GI Flashcards
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome often involves mutations in
serine threonine kinase (STK11); autosomal dominant
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is characterized by
multiple hamartomatous polyps in the small intestine, mucocutaneous hyper pigmentation, classically in the buccal mucosa
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome carries an increased risk of several malignancies:
colon, pancreas, breast, lung, ovarian, uterine and testicular cancers
initiates partial digestion of lipids
Lingual lipase
Pancreatic lipases
degrade lipids to free fatty acids and monoglycerides, which combine with cholesterol and bile acids to form micelles
indirect inguinal hernia
enters the deep inguinal ring and passes inferomedially to emerge via the superficial ring
Indirect hernias lie
lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
Bubonocele hernia
Indirect hernia limited to inguinal canal.
Funicular hernia
Indirect hernia that result from herniation down to the epididymis, but remain separate from it.
Complete hernia
Indirect hernia fully patent processus vaginalis, which allows herniation to be continuous with the tunica vaginalis of the testes
Indirect inguinal hernias predispose male patients to
hydrocele
congenital diaphragmatic hernia
abnormal development of the pleuroperitoneal membrane
congenital diaphragmatic hernia location
left posterolateral part of the diaphragm
congenital diaphragmatic hernia Sx
pulmonary hypoplasia and hypertension, which presents as neonatal respiratory distress
congenital diaphragmatic hernia on imaging
Absence of the stomach below the diaphragm
Fluid-filled stomach behind left atrium
Abdominal contents (bowel, liver) in the thorax
Displacement of the lungs due to herniated bowel
Direct hernias lie
medial to the inferior epigastric artery
primary sclerosing cholangitis increases the risk of developing
cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic and colorectal carcinomas
Posterior duodenal ulcer –> risk of rupturing
gastroduodenal artery
Gastric ulcers carry the risk of rupturing
left gastric artery
Anterior duodenum ulcer perforation leads to
free air accumulation under the diaphragm (referred pain to the shoulder via the phrenic nerve)
Pigment gallstones contain excess
bilirubin
Black pigmented stones are
caused by chronic extravascular hemolysis
radiopaque (white)
Brown pigmented gallstones are
caused by infection of the biliary tract (i.e. E. coli, Ascaris, Clonorchisis)
radiolucent
Acute hepatic failure
coagulopathy and encephalopathy following hepatic injury
Causes of acute hepatic failure
ingestion of acetaminophen
hepatitis B and hepatitis E infection
S/S of acute hepatic failure
Nausea and vomiting
Jaundice (earliest sign is scleral icterus)
Encephalopathy
Coagulation defects
3 degrees of infarction in acute mesenteric ischemia
Mucosal infarction
Mural (submucosal) infarction
Transmural infarction
Mucosal and mural infarctions are generally due to
hypoperfusion (marked hypotension)
Transmural infarctions are generally due to
embolism of cardiac origin (atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, valvular disease)
Main site of folate absorption
jejunum
Main site of nutrient absorption
jejunum
jejunum histology
arge, abundant plicae circulares and long, thin villi
The jejunum is located in the
left umbilical region
branches of the abdominal aorta
Phrenic a. Celiac trunk Suprarenal aa (Middle) SMA Renal aa. Gonadal aa. Lumbar aa. IMA Sacral (median) a.
Cause of omphalocele
midgut loop fails to return to the abdominal cavity during development
omphalocele S/S
peritoneum and amnion of the umbilical cord surrounding
–> shiny sac protruding from the midline base of the umbilical cord
The key features of chronic hepatitis are
lymphocytic infiltration and extensive fibrosis leading to cirrhosis.
chronic hepatitis is centered around what parts of the hepatic lobule
periportal necrosis and bridging necrosis
periportal and bridging fibrosis
lymphocytic infiltration
______ is important in co-transport of glucose, amino acids, and water-soluble vitamins.
Na+
In oral rehydration therapy, _________ is added to saline to enhance absorption of Na and Cl-.
glucose
Na is transported across the basolateral membrane by
Na-K+-ATPase
Which 3 arteries can be implicated in acute mesenteric ischemia?
Celiac a, SMA, IMA
The biggest cause of damage in mesenteric ischemia d/t hypoperfusion is
reperfusion injury
For patients with a history of successfully resected colorectal cancer, follow up should include
colonoscopy at one year, and every three years after
Gastrin secretion is inhibited by
Gastric pH of 1.5 or less
Somatostatin
Secretin
Gastrin acts to
Increase gastric acid secretion (via ECL cell release of histamine), Increase growth of gastric mucosa,
Increase gastric motility
Gastrin is produced by
G cells in antrum of stomach
The stimuli for gastrin secretion include
Presence of protein-digestion products
Mechanical distention of the stomach
Vagal stimulation
Vagal stimulation of H+ secretion is mediated by
ACh & gastrin-releasing peptide (indirect pathway)
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
gastrin-secreting neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas or small intestine
At what vertebral level does the IMA arise
L3
At what vertebral level does the Renal aa. arise
L1-L2 (& give off inferior suprarenal aa. to the adrenal glands)
Hind gut receives parasympathetic innervation from
pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)
Hind gut receives blood supply from
IMA
Meconium ileus
complication in newborn cystic fibrosis where the meconium is thickened due to the lack of NaCl
newborn cystic fibrosis Sx
Meconium ileus, obstructs mid-ileum, causing proximal dilatation, bowel wall thickening, and congestions.
The most common form of chronic gastritis and is due to
chronic H. pylori gastritis –> H. pylori induced inflammation.
H. pylori commonly colonize the
antrum
In esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), there is
difficulty feeding (choking and vomiting) and the inability to pass a feeding tube into the newborn's stomach Polyhydramnios
S/S distal tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)
stomach/abdominal distention in newborn (CXR→air bubble in stomach) & ↑ risk of chemical pneumonia (pneumonitis)
Right upper quadrant radiating to the right shoulder and/or suprascapular region
Symptomatic Cholelithiasis
What is the most common complication of cholelithiasis
- cholecystitis
ascending cholangitis and bile stasis
Air in the biliary tree is pathognomonic for
gallstone ileum
gallstone ileum
fistula between the gallbladder and duodenum blocking the ileocecal valve
Charcot’s triad of cholangitis
fever, jaundice, right upper quadrant pain
Reynold’s pentad of cholangitis
fever, jaundice, right upper quadrant pain + hypotension and mental status changes
Pancreatic duct obstruction may lead to
Pancreatitis
What portions of the small intestine are primarily affected in celiac disease?
helper T cell mediated damage to villi, leading to malabsorption and steatorrhea in the DISTAL DUODENUM & PROXIMAL JEJUNUM
Celiac disease histology
Mucosal inflammation
Crypt hyperplasia
Villous atrophy
Increased cellularity of the lamina propria
Celiac disease is associated with
dermatitis herpetiformis
Celiac disease is associated with an increased risk of
T-cell lymphoma
Where is iron absorbed in the intestinal tract?
In the duodenum as Fe2+
Ferrireductase
reduces Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the brush border, increasing absorption
slow waves of gastrointestinal smooth muscle
spontaneously occurring, oscillating membrane potentials inherent to GI smooth muscle
slow waves originate in
interstitial cells of Cajal; these are the GI pacemaker cells
Frequency of slow waves sets the maximum frequency of contractions, they are slowest in the _________ & highest in the __________
Lowest in stomach (3 waves/min) and highest in duodenum (12 waves/min)
primary function of saliva
lubricate and compact ingested food into a smooth, rounded bolus that is suitable for swallowing
The secretory products of saliva are formed by
serous (proteinaceous component) and mucinous acinar cells (watery mucus component)
Physiologic xerostomia occurs during
sleep, periods of extreme anxiety, dehydration, and use of anticholinergic drugs
Pathologic xerostomia occurs in
Sjögren’s syndrome
When would you use chemotherapy for colon cancer
Chemotherapy (5-FU) and radiotherapy are recommended as adjuncts for patients with lymph node involvement.
Pancreatic insufficiency can stem from what 3 conditions?
Cystic fibrosis
Cancer causing obstruction
Chronic pancreatitis
In pancreatic insufficiency
pancreatic lipase is deficient causing fats to be undigested leading to steatorrhea; malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and vitamin B12
Meckel diverticulum is associated with what 2 obstructive intestinal conditions?
Intussusception and volvulus
true diverticulum
All layers of GIT wall
Persistent vitelline (omphalomesenteric) duct (joins midgut to the midgut lumen)
Meckel diverticulum
Meckel diverticulum may have an increased risk for bleeding if
contains ectopic gastric and pancreatic tissue
Meckel diverticulum Sx
Bleeding (most common finding)
Fecal material in the umbilical area due to persistence of the vitelline duct
Diverticulitis
Meckel diverticulum Dx
99mTc nuclear scan to identify parietal cells in ectopic gastric mucosa.
Meckel diverticulum: Rules of 2
2 inches long 2 feet from ileocecal valve 2% symptomatic first 2 years of life 2 types of ectopic tissue
Acute Hepatic Failure S/S
Nausea and vomiting
Jaundice (earliest sign is scleral icterus)
Encephalopathy
Coagulation defects
risk factors for pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Smoking
Advanced age
Chronic pancreatitis (often due to alcohol abuse)
Jewish and African American males