random stuff for final Flashcards
1
Q
in FETUSES the blood pressure in the _______ ______ and the ______ side of the heart is higher
A
Pulmonary circulation
right
2
Q
how many arteries and veins does the umbilical cord have
A
2 arteries
1 vein
3
Q
oxygenated blood from the placenta enters the body of the fetus through the umbilical _______
A
VEIN
4
Q
what structure shunts blood away from the fetal liver and to the inferior vena cava
A
ductus venosus
5
Q
a branch of the umbilical vein that connects with the hepatic portal vein via the _____ _____
A
portal sinus
6
Q
what are the 3 fully oxygenated vessels in fetal circulation
A
umbilical vein
ductus venosus
portal sinus
7
Q
what structure shunts most of the blood away from the pulmonary trunk
A
ductus arteriosus
8
Q
the umbilical arteries arise from the
A
internal iliac arteries
9
Q
what do the umbilical arteries turn into after birth
A
medial umbilical ligaments
10
Q
what does the umbilical vein turn into post birth
A
round ligament of the liver
11
Q
what does the ductus venosus turn into post birth
A
ligamentum benosum
12
Q
what does the ductus arteriosus turn into after birth
A
ligamentum arterosum
13
Q
anatomically the respiratory system can be divided into the
A
upper and lower respiratory
14
Q
functionally the respiratory system can be divided into the
A
conducting and respiratory portion
15
Q
what does the conducting portion of the respiratory system have
A
nose
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
progressively smaller ariways of the lower respiratory tract
16
Q
what does the respiratory portion of the respiratory system have
A
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar du ts
alveoli
17
Q
another word for inhalation
A
inspiration
18
Q
another word for exhalation
A
expiration
19
Q
what is external respiration
A
the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood
20
Q
what is internal respiration
A
the exchange of gases between the blood and the cells
21
Q
what happens when inhaled gasses are conditioned
A
warmed
humidified
cleansed
22
Q
what structures make a person sound the way they do
A
larynx
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
teeth
lips
tongue
23
Q
what is the upper respiratory tract composed of
A
nose and nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
pharynx (throat)
24
Q
what is the name of the enzyme that destroys microbial cell walls that is produced by the epithelial cells in the nose
A
lysozyme
25
what is the roof of the nasal cavity formed by
frontal bone
nasal bones
cribiform plate (ethmoid)
sphenoid
26
what is the floor of the nasal cavity formed by
horizontal palatine processes of the maxillae
palatine bones
27
what are the hairs in the vestibule of the nose called
vibrissae
28
what is another name for the nasal conchae
turbinates
29
what forms the nasal septum
septal cartilage
perpendicular plate of ethmoid
vomer
30
what is the nasal cycle
the alternating partial congestion and deconcestion of the nasal cavities
31
what are the four paranasal sinuses
frontal
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
maxillary
32
what is the throat called
pharynx
33
what are the 3 parts of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
34
what connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear
auditory (eustachian tubes)
35
what is the single tonsil on the back of the nasopharanx wall called
pharyngeal tonsil or adenoid
36
what normally passes through the nasopharynx
air
37
what normally passes through the oropharynx
air and food/water
38
what are the 2 pairs of lymphatic nodules in the oropharynx called
palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils
39
what is it called when the piglottis closes over the larynx so air cant get out while the abdominal muscles contract ot increase abdominal pressure
valsalva maneuver
40
what is the fancy name for the adams apple
laryngeal prominance
41
what are the 'false vocal chords'
the superior ligaments (vestibular ligaments)
42
what are the 'true vocal chords'
inferior ligaments (vocal ligaments)
43
what color are the vocal folds
white
44
what is the opening between the vocal chords called
rima glottidis
45
what makes up the glottis
rima glottidis plus the vocal folds
46
what produces the range of a voice (soprano-bass)
length of vocal chords
47
what produces the pitch of a voice
the tightness of the vocal chords
48
what produces the loudness of a voice
the force of the air passing across the vocal folds
49
can you talk without vibrating the vocal folds
yes its whispering
50
what makes up the lower respiratory tract
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchiles, respiratory broncioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli.
51
what is another name for the trachea
the windpipe
52
what are the cartilage rings in the trachea called
tracheal cartilages
53
what muscle binds the tracheal cartilages together
trachealis muscle
54
the trachea bifurcates into the
r and l 'primary (main) bronchi'
55
which primary bronchi has a more acute angle
the left (due to the heart)
56
what is the internal ridge at the separation of the left and right bronchi called
carina
57
inhaled foreign objects are more likely to travel down into the
RIGHT SIDE
58
what 3 muscles do you use for coughing
internal intercostals: force ribs down
abdominal muscles: force abdominal organs agains the diaphragm forcing the diaphragm up
trachealis: narrows the windpipe so air going through it has more force
59
what is the medial side of the lung called
the hilum
60
what do the primary bronchus branch into
the secondary (lobar) bronchi
61
the left lung has _ secondary bronchi while the right has _
2
3
62
the secondary bronchi divide into
tertiary (segmental) bronchi
63
what cells produce testosterone
leydig cells ;)
64
what is in the respiratory portion of the respiratory system
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, pulmonary alveoli
65
what is the right lung subdivided into
superior lobe
middle lobe
inferior lobe
66
what is the left lung subdivided into
superior lobe
inferior lobe
67
the left and right lungs may be further partitioned into __________ _____ each with their own tertiary bronchus, surrounded by connective tissue, and each with its own arterial/venous blood supply
bronchopulmonary segments
68
what do lymph nodes and vessels collect
carbon, dust particles, and pollutants that weren't filtered out by the ciliated epithelium
69
where are lymph nodes and vessels located
w/in the connective tissue of the lungs as well as around the bronchi and pleura
70
where does lymphatic drainage of the right lung go
right lymphatic duct
71
where does lymphatic drainage of the left lung go
thoracic duct
72
what is another term for breathing
pulmonary ventilation
73
what parts of the respiratory system are innervated by the autonomic nervous system
trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs
74
what does the sympathetic nervous system do in regards to the respiratory system
opens up and dilates the bronchioles
75
what does the parasympathetic nervous system do in regards to the respiratory system
decrease airway diameter of the bronchioles
76
where is the respiratory centered (2)
medulla oblongata and the pons
77
what does the medulla oblongata do in regards to the respiratory system
establishes the rate and depth of breathing
78
what does the pons do in regard to the respiratory system
also influences breathing rate
78
what 2 diseases make up chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
emphysema and chronic bronchitis
78
chronic bronchitis and emphysema are the 2 diseases that make up:
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
79
what is it called when chewed up food is mixed with spit
bolus
80
what is the stuff in the stomach called (barf)
chyme
81
the digestive organs collectively make up the _______ _____ or the ______ _____
gastrointestinal tract
alimentary canal
82
what are the organs of the GI tract
oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small/large intestine
rectum
anus
83
what are the accessory digestive organs
teeth
tongue
salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
84
what are the two types of motility
peristalsis and segmentation
85
_______ is the term for the movements that move materials through the GI tract
motility
86
______ is the process of muscular contraction that forms ripples along part of the GI tract and causes material to move further along the tract
peristalsis
87
_______ is the churning and mixing movements in the small intestine which help dispense the material being digested and combine it with intestinal secretions
segmentation
88
_____ is the process of producing and releasing mucin or fluids such as acid, bile, and digestive enzymes
secretion
89
_____ is the breakdown of large food items into smaller structures and molecules
digestion
90
what are the 2 types of digestion
mechanical (chewing)
chemical (enzymes)
91
_____ involves either passive movement or active transport of electrolytes, digestion products, vitamins, and water across the GI tract epithelium and into the GI tract blood and lymphatic vessesl
absorption
92
where are the majority of nutrients absorbed in the GI tract
small intsetines
93
where is the initial site of mechanical digestion
oral cavity
94
what are the 2 distinct regions of the oral cavity and where are they
vestibule (space between cheeks/lips and teeth)
oral cavity proper (where the tongue is)
95
what are the cheeks contain of and what do they do
buccinator muscles, they hold solid materials in place during chewing
96
what are the little connecting lines between the lips and gums
labial frenulum
97
where is and what is the hard palate formed by
forms the anterior 2/3, made of palatine process of maxillae and horizontal process of palatine bones
98
what are the ridges on the top of your mouth called
transverse palatine folds
99
where and what is the soft palate formed by
post. 1/3 and skeletal muscle
100
what is the projection in the posterior part of the soft palate called
uvula (little grape)
101
what serves as an early line of defense as they monitor ingested food/drink for antigens
palatine tonsils
102
what is the ridge below the tongue that connects it to the bottom of the mouth
the lingual frenulum
103
what is the term for an overly short lingual frenulum
ankyloglossia or tongue tied
104
the tongue contains the _____ _____ on the posterior/inferior surface
lingual tonsils
105
what salivary enzyme begins chemical digestion by breaking down start into moltose
amylase
106
what 3 cranial nerves are associated with taste
facial
vagus
glossopharyngeal
107
where do BOTH chemical and mechanical digestion start
in the oral cavity
108
what are the 3 pairs of salivary glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
109
what do you use for gleeking (YUCK)
submandibular salivary glands and ducts
110
where are the parotid salivary glands
near the ears
111
where are the submandibular salivary glands
inferior to the body of the mandible
112
which salivary glands produce most of the saliva
submandibular glands
113
where are the sublingual salivary glands
under the tongue
114
the salivary glands are primarily innervated by the what
parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
115
which cranial nerve innervates the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
facial (CN VII)
116
which cranial. nerve innervates the parotid salivary gland
glossopharyngeal nerve (CN XI)
117
what are the three thick transverse folds in the rectum called and what do they do
rectal valves- hold poop while someone 'passes gas;
118
what does the internal lining of the anal canal have and what are the things in between them called
anal columns and anal sinuses
119
what are the 6th and 7tg sphincters
internal and external anal sphincters
120
what 3 things do the large intestines form into
teniae coli
121
what do the teniae coli do
bunch up the large intestines to form HAUSTRA
122
hanging off the external surface iof the haustra are lobules of fat called _____ ______ (_______ _______)
epiploic appendages (omental appendages)
123
twisting or venous thrombosis of an epiploic appendage can lead to inflammation resulting in :
epiploic appendagitis
124
epiploic appendagitis can be mistaken for
apendacitis
125
what separates the liver into 2 lobes
falciform ligament
126
what is the porta hapatis
a deep fissure on the inf. surface of the right love
127
what does the porta hepatis do
allows passage for the hepatic artery proper, common hepatic duct, hepatic portal vein, lymph vessels, and nerves
128
what are liver cells calle
hepatocytes
129
what makes up the 'portal triad'
branches of hepatic portal vein
branches of hepatic artery
branches of hepatic duct
130
what liver cells phagocytize debris in the blood as well as help break down and recycle components of aged erythrocytes and damaged/worn-out formed elements
reticuloendothelial cells (kupffer cells)
131
hepatocytes produce what
bile
132
what does bile do
breaks down fats into small droplets to assist their chemical digestion
133
what does the gallbladder do
concentrates bile produced by the liver and stores it until its needed for digestion
134
what connects the gallbader to the common bile duct
cystic duct
135
the tail of the pancreas always points towards the
spleen
136
what is the name of the network of thin ducts that carry bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum
biliary apparatus
137
what are the 2 methods to keep the duodenum from being damaged from acid
pancreatic juice (contains bicarbonate)
brunner's gland (located in the submucosa of the duodenum-secrete an alkaline fluid)
138
the L and R hepatic ducts merge to form a single
common hepatic duct
139
the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct combine to form the
common bile duct
140
what is the name for where the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct merge and pierce the duodenal wall
hepatopancreatic ampulla
141
the exit of the hepatopancreatic ampulla into the duodenum is regulated by the
sphincter of oddi
142
what is the potential space between the right inf. portion of the liver and the right kidney called
morison's pouch
143
what sits on top of each kidney like a little hat
adrenal gland
144
what is the medial concave border of the kidney claled
hilum
145
where are the 2 spaces where fluid will accumulate if theres damage/bleeding
douglas' cul-de sac (rectouterine pouch)
morison's pouch
