chapter 1 and 2 for idiots Flashcards
1
Q
axial region
A
head (caput), neck, trunk (chest and abdominal regions)
2
Q
appendicular region
A
upper extremity (arms), lower extremity (legs)
3
Q
Head 2 reigons
A
facial and cranial
4
Q
Facial region (of the head which is in the axial region) components
A
eyes, nose, mouth
5
Q
cranial region (of the head which is in the axial region)
A
region that covers and supports the brain
6
Q
Other name for the ‘neck’ and whats in it
A
‘cervical region’, contains larynx (voice box)
7
Q
torso (trunk) regions:
A
breasts (mammary region), sternal region, armpits (axillary region), vertebral region
8
Q
armpits
A
axillary region
9
Q
upper back
A
vertebral region
10
Q
abdomen contains:
A
navel (umbilicus), Mcburney’s point
11
Q
Cullen’s sign
A
intra-abdominal bleeding, causes nasty bruising and discoloration around navel
12
Q
How to find Mcburney’s point
A
1/2 of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine of the pelvis to the navel, roughly corresponds to the most common location of the base of the appendix
13
Q
Pelvic region contains:
A
pubic area, perineum, small of the back (lumbar region), tail (sacral region), buttocks (gluteal region)
14
Q
perineum
A
the diamond shaped region containing selected external sex organs and the booty hole
15
Q
the largest nerve in the human body which passes through where!?!?
A
sciatic nerve, passes through the gluteus maximus (booty)
16
Q
butt crack
A
natal cleft
17
Q
upper extremity contains
A
shoulder (deltoid region), upper arm (brachium), forearm (antibrachium), hand (manus)
18
Q
shoulder
A
deltoid region (greek letter delta)
19
Q
upper arm
A
brachium
19
Q
forearm
A
antibrachium
20
Q
hand
A
manus
21
Q
small depressed area on the FRONT of the elbow (where blood is drawn from, think plasma!)
A
anterior cubital fossa (antecubital fossa)
22
Q
area on the BACK of the elbow
A
olecranal region
23
Q
hand (manus) is composed of:
A
the front (palm), the back (dorsum of hand), fingers (digits)
24
the front of the hand (manus)
the palm
25
the back of the hand (manus)
dorsum of hand
26
the fingers and toes
digits!!!!
27
lower extremity is composed of
hip, upper leg (thigh or femoral region), knee (patellar region and popliteal region), lower leg (crural region, shin+calf), ankle, foot
28
the FRONT surface of the knee (kneecap)
patellar region
29
the BACK of the knee (where i get wildly uncomfortable touching/shaving)
popliteal fossa
30
lower leg
crural region
31
lower leg (crural region) consists of:
the shin, the calf, the ankle
32
the foot is comprised of
heel (heel bone is called calcaneus), the sole of the foot (plantar surface), the top of the foot (dorsum), toes (digits)
33
the sole of the foot
the plantar surface
34
the heel bone
calcaneus
35
the top of the foot
the dorsum
36
the two principal body cavities
the posterior (dorsal) body cavity, the ventral body cavity
37
the posterior (dorsal) body cavity contains:
cranial cavity (houses the brain), vertebral canal (houses the spinal cord and such
38
ventral body cavity contains:
thoratic (chest) and abdominopelvic (abdominal and pelvic) cavities
39
what separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal
a skeletal muscle called the DIAPHRAM separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
40
thoracic cavity contains the:
mediastinum
41
the mediastinum (found in the thoracic cavity) contains:
the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, aorta+other major blood vessels
42
the 2 layer membrane that surrounds the heart is called the:
pericardium
43
outermost seros layer of the pericardium
parietal pericardium (pericardial sac)
44
attached to the external surface of the heart (? not sure about this one)
visceral pericardium (epicardium)
45
pericardial cavity
the potential space between the parietal and visceral pericardia (contains lubricating serous fluid)
46
the two bilateral subdivisions of the thoracic cavity on either side of the mediastinum are called
pulmonary cavities
47
what occupies the pulmonary cavities
the lungs!!!
48
what lines the inner surface of a pulmonary cavity and is firmly attached to the chest wall?
the parietal pleura
49
what is firmly attached to the outer surface of the lungs and is continuous with the parietal pleura
the visceral pleura
50
the potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura
the pleural cavity
51
'handle' top bone of the three sternum bones
manubrim
52
'small sword' middle bone of the 3 sternum bones
gladiolus
53
'sword-shaped' last bone of the 3 sternum bones
xiphoid
54
epiglottis
flap of tissue at the back of the throat behind the tongue
55
vallecula
dip between the tongue and epiglottis
56
peritoneum
the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
57
CT
computerized tomography
58
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
59
fmri
functional magnetic resonance imaging
60
the two least specific body cavities
posterior and ventral
61
the two more specific categories under the posterior body cavity
cranial cavity and vertebral cavity.
62
the two more specific body cavities under the ventral body cavity
abdominopelvic and thoracic
63
the two more specific body cavities under abdominopelvic
abdominal and pelvic
64
the two more specific cavities under the thoracic cavity
pulmonary cavity and mediastinum
65
more specific cavity under the pulmonary cavity
pleural cavities
66
the more specific cavity under the mediastinum
pericardial cavity
67
the stuff in the mediastinum
trachea, esophagus, heart, thymus
68
12 finger long organ
duodenum
69
retroparetineal organs
kidney, ureturs, pancreas, duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, bladder, rectum
70
peritoneum
serous membranes that surround some of the abdominal organs
71
murpheys sign
Murphy's sign is elicited in patients with acute cholecystitis by asking the patient to take in and hold a deep breath while palpating the right subcostal area. If pain occurs when the inflamed gallbladder comes into contact with the examiner's hand, Murphy's sign is positive.
72
murpheys sign can detect gallbladder inflammation also known as
cholecystitis
73
the 2 vascular methods of temperature regulation
vasoconstriction and vasodilation
74
the 5 layers of the skin (lips, palms, soles have the fifth layer, others just have four)
stratum corneum
stratum lucidium (the extra layer in question)
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
75
integumentary system
skin, nails, hair, skin glands
76
what percent of body weight does the skin make up
7-8%
77
what causes fingers to become wrinkly in the water
the nervous system, better grip
78
when the body is HOT, what do dermal blood vessels do
DILATE (vasodilation)
79
when the body is COLD, what do dermal blood vessels do
CONSTRICT (vasoconstriction)
80
what is essential for absorbing phosphorous and calcium
vitamin D
81
vitamin D is essential for absorbing ____ and ____
calcium and phosphorus
82
what are the small population of immune cells in the epidermis called
epidermal dendritic cells
83
what is the protein that makes dead epidermal cells tough and water resistant
keratin
84
what is dandruff caused by
yeasts
85
what are the two specific yeasts that can cause dandruff
pityrosporum or malessezia
86
deepest layer of epidermis
stratum basale
87
what are the 3 kinds of cells that occupy the stratum basale layer
keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile (merkel) cells
88
what is the job of Keratinocytes found in all the epidermal layers
(most abundant cell type) they can synthesize the tough and insoluble protein keratin
89
what is the job of melanocytes found in the stratum basale
produce black, brown, or yellow-brown granuals of pigment that give the skin a darker tone
90
what do tactile (merkel) cells do in the stratum basale
they r sensitive to touch
91
what is the second layer up from the dermis in the skin
the stratum spinosum. its called the spinosum bc many sided keratinocytes form this layer and are attached to one another by spine like projections
92
what 2 epidermal layers make up the stratum germinatuvum
the stratum basale and stratum spinosum
93
what type of cell does the stratum spinosum have that the stratum basale doesn't have
phagocytic cells/epidermal dendritic cells
94
what is the third layer up from the dermis
stratum grandulosum- this is where keratinocytes die
95
what is the fourth layer up from the dermis on the lips, soles of the feet, and palms (thickened skin)
the stratum lucidum
96
what is the fourth (or fifth layer on thickened skin) up from the dermis called. also the final layer of skin
stratum corneum
97
what is cornification
brought on by keratinization and the hardening and flattening process that takes place as cells migrate to the surface of the epidermis
98
how does a callus happen
resusts when friction at the skin surface stimulates additional mitotic activity of the stratum basale, resulting in thicker skin in localized area
99
sebaceous gland
oil glands
100
what color is blood in VEINS
MAROON
101
what r the three things that contribute to skin color
melanin, hemoglobin, carotene
102
another word for red blood cells
erythrocyts
103
what color is blood in the ARTERIES
TOMATO SOUP RED
104
albinism
genetic defect, inherited recessive gene, melanocytes cant produce melanin
105
vitiligo
autoimmune disorder, melanocytes die/unable to function
106
cyanosis
caused by poor oxygenation of hemoglobin
107
acrocyanosis
cyanosis but only in extremities (fingers, toes, nose)
108
pallor
caused by ANEMIA- deficiency of red blood cells (erythrocytes) or hemoglobin
109
jaundice
excess of bilirubin, can be a sign of liver disease since the liver breaks down bilirubin
110
erythema
increase of bloodflow in the dermis because blood vessels dialated
111
what does the blood do when people die?!
it pools in the lowest parts of the body
112
another word for mole
nevus
113
ischemia
poor blood flow causing darkening
114
top layer of the dermis
papillary layer (stratum pappilarosum)
115
bottom layer of the dermis
reticular layer (stratum reticularosum)
116
stretch marks
striae/lineae albicantes
117
bed sores
decubitus ulcers
118
tumor
neoplasm
119
dedifferentiation
cells becoming less specialized in tumors
120
metastasis
cancer cells spreading through blood or lymph nodes to other tissues or organs
121
cancer
a general term for a group of diseases characterized by malignant neoplasm
122
what is obvious loss of cellular structure called?
anaplasia
123
dysplasia
abnormal development of a tissue
124
hyperplasia
incfrease of normal cells in a tissue/organ
125
metaplasia
abnormal transformation of fully differentiated adult tissue into a tissue of another kind
126
hypertrophy
generalized increase in size/bulk of an organ not as a consequence of a tumor
127
skin thickness
1.5mm - 4mm+
128
the two types of transepidermal water loss (TEWL)
insensible perspiration (happening all the time),
sensible perspiration (visible sweating)
129
vitamin D3
cholecalciferol
130
cholecalciferol synthesizes _____
calcitriol
131
active form of vitamin D3
calcifriol
132
what are stratum lucidum keratinocytes full of
eleidin
133
dead cells (in the stratum corneum) are _____
anucleate
134
getting rid of a tattoo by cutting it out
excision
135
getting rid of a tattoo by sanding down the tattooed skin
dermabrasion
136
getting rid of a tattoo by freezing the tattooed area prior to removal
cryosurgery
137
the 3 types of UV rays the sun produces and their spectrum (in nm)
UVA (320-400nm), UVB (290-320nm), UVC (100-280nm. absorbed by the atmosphere)
138
SPF
sun protection factor
139
most sunless tanners contain this chemical
dihydroxyacetone (DHA)
140
skin discoloration due to benign tumor
hemangioma
141
skin discoloration due to benign tumor but with dermal blood vessels, can be permanent
cavernous hemangioma
142
strawberry colored birthmarks that usually disappear by adulthood
capillary hemangioma
143
to supply with nerves
innervation
144
other names for the subcutaneous layer
hypodermis, superficial facias, subcutaneous fat
145
cuticle (nail)
eponychium
146
thickened epidermis that the free nail edge grows over
hyponychium
147
hair
plius
148
the three types of hair
lanugo, vellus, terminal
149
the 3 phases of the hair growth cycle
angen phase (hair cells develop rapidly), catgen phase (everything stops), telogen phase (hair sheds)
150
thinning of hair
| not due to age
so itsnot 'balding'
alopecia
151
the term for when hair is shed from the entire scalp
diffuse hair loss
152
shrader has _____
male pattern baldness
153
terminal hair growth where terminal hair should not be
hirsutism
154
sweat glands
sudoriferous
155
oil glands
sebaceous
156
the two types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands
merocrine (sweat gland duct takes to sweat pore) and apocrine (sweat gland duct takes to hair follicle)
157
both types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands contain this type of cell
myoepithelial cells (the cells that squeeze the gland to make the sweat come out)
158
sebaceous glands secrete _____
sebum
159
sebum can block a sebaceous gland making it inflamed, this is called ________
folliculitus
160
the abscess a blocked sebaceous gland developes is called:
furuncle
161
the glands that produce earwax (cerumen)
ceruminous glands
162
what do ceruminous glands produce
cerumen
163
plugged sebaceous ducts=
acne
164
a sebaceous duct plugged w sebum is called _____
comedo
165
open comedo is a
blackhead
166
closed comedo is a
whitehead
167
burns only to the epidermis (sunburn)
1st degree
168
burns to the epidermis and parts of the dermis with blisters
2nd degree
169
burns to the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, usually all are destroyed, often needs a ______
3rd degree burns, skin graft
170
replacing dead cells from a wound with identical ones like from before
regeneration
171
replacing dead cells from a wound with scar tissue
fibrosis
172
a vascular connective tissue that initially forms while healing wounds
granulation tissue
173
most common type of skin cancer, from stratum basale, procedure is to have it removed
basal cell carcinoma
174
cancer from the keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum
squamous cell carcinoma
175
comes from melanocytes, malignant cancer
malignant melanoma
176
some treatments for aging skin (4)
laser resurfacing, fat injections (liposuction), dermal fillers (usually containing hyaluronic acid), botox (paralyzing the facial muscles with botulinum toxic type A)
177
athletes foot
fungus infection
178
fluid-filled sac in the epidermis that happens during second degree burns
blister
179
fluid-filled blister that hurts when touched usually around the mouth
cold sore
180
noncontagious itchy skin inflammation
eczema
181
reddish, raised area of the skin, usually itchy
hives
182
excessive scar tissue because of collagen forming during healing, tender to touch
keloid
183
irritating/itching condition of the skin
| not eczema
pruitis
184
chronic skin disorder that results in redness and small pustules (usually on the face)
rosacea
185
benign tumors caused by human papillomavirus
warts
186
right upper quadrant (8)
Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Right Kidney, Right Adrenal Gland
187
left upper quadrant
the spleen, stomach, the body of the pancreas, left kidney, adrenal gland,
188
right lower quadrant
Small intestine, Caecum, Appendix, Large Intestine, Right Ureter, Right Ovary and Fallopian tube (in females), Right Spermatic cord (in males)
189
left lower quadrant
Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Left Ureter, Left Ovary and Fallopian tube (in females), Left Spermatic cord (in males)
190
what enzyme thats capable of destroying bacteria cells is produced by the ceruminous glands
lysozyme
