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HUMAN ANATOMY FROM HELL > anatomy final clinical views/supp articles > Flashcards

anatomy final clinical views/supp articles Flashcards

1
Q

what does a dissecting artery usually start with

A

sudden tearing pain between the shoulder blades

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2
Q

what class of drugs is sometimes misprescribed to patients who aren’t actually having a heart attack but instead a dissecting artery?

A

thrombolytics

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3
Q

what are some triggers of arterial dissection

A

high blood pressure, marfans syndrome, cocain use, or even pregnancy

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4
Q

what are the 3 ways arterial dissections kill

A
  1. closing off vital arteries
  2. backflooding the pericardial sac chocking off the heartbeat
  3. rupturing the aortic wall
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5
Q

what is it called when a dissection disrupts the nerve fibers that control pupil size and eyelid function, causing the pupil to shrink and the eyelid to droop

A

horner’s syndrome

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6
Q

what is the condition where someone has unequal pupils (20%~ of people have)

A

anisocoria

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7
Q

what is a method to preserve blood flow in a really bad carotid artery dissection

A

carotid stent

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8
Q

what is it called when the heart is directly injured due to drinking

A

alcoholic cardiomyopathy

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9
Q

what is the term for listening to the heart (or other body parts)

A

auscultation

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10
Q

what is the name of the sound the lungs make when they are full of fluid

A

rales

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11
Q

what are vericose veins

A

dilated, twisty turny curvy veins

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12
Q

valves in vericose veins become _______

A

nonfunctional

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13
Q

where are vericose veins common

A

superficial veins of lower limbs

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14
Q

what are some causes of vericose veins

A

genetic predisposition, aging, standing for a long time, pregnancy, obesity

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15
Q

how can you alleviate the symptoms of vericose veins

A

elevating the affected area

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16
Q

what are some treatments for vericose veins

A

irritant injections to cause scarring (sclerotherapy)
or vein removal (phlebectomy)

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17
Q

what are hemorrhoids

A

vericose veins in the anorectal region

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18
Q

what is a deep vein thrombus

A

refers to a blood clot in a vein

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19
Q

where are deep vein thrombuses most common

A

a vein in the calf

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20
Q

how can deep vein thrombuses occur

A

being immobile for a long time, heart disease,

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21
Q

what is it called when a deep vein thrombus gets into the lungs and clogs them

A

pulmonary embolus

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22
Q

what is chronically high blood pressure called

A

hypertention

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23
Q

what is hypertention defined as

A

systolic pressure over 140 mmHg
diastolic pressure over 90 mmHg

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24
Q

if you have hypertention youre more likely to develop (2)

A

atherosclerosis or anteriosclerosis

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25
Q

what is the condition that involves thickening of the arterial wall and reducing lumen space called

A

anteriosclerosis

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26
Q

what is chronically low blood pressure called

A

hypotention

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27
Q

what is it called when you get hypotention symptoms after standing up too fast

A

orthostatic/postural hypotention

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28
Q

what is a pulse

A

the rhythmic throbbing of an artery as blood is pumped through it

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29
Q

where are pulse points

A

places where an artery can be pushed up against bone or a solid structure so pulse can be measured

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30
Q

where are the common pulse points

A

superficial temporal artery
facial artery
common carotid artery
brachial artery
radial artery
femoral artery
posterior tibial artery
dorsalis peds artery

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31
Q

what are the 3 pigments that make up lip color

A

melanin, hemoglobin, carotene

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32
Q

what are the 2 subtypes of melanin

A

eumelenin (black)
pheomelanin (yellow/red)

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33
Q

know the basics of how to do CPR

A

yes!!

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34
Q

know how a doctor would test for an inguinal hernia

A

yes

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35
Q

how do you find L4 for a spinal tap

A

find the iliac crests and draw an imaginary line between them, the spinous process of L4 should be on that line

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36
Q

where should you do gluteal IM injections

A

superior lateral quadrant

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37
Q

61% of sudden cardiac arrests stem from what

A

ventricular fibrillation

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38
Q

cpr generates roughtly a ______ or the heart’s normal imput

A

1/3

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39
Q

people in cardiac arrest shocked in less than 3 minutes have a ______ chance of survival

A

74%

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40
Q

what does CPR stand for

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

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41
Q

deprived of oxygen, the brain starts dying in ____ minutes

A

4

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42
Q

what is the name for a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

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43
Q

what happens in benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

‘nodules’ form and compress the prostatic urethra

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44
Q

what are some symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

polyuria (peeing more frequently)
dysuria (painful peeing)
nocturia (peeing @night)

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45
Q

what does TURP stand for

A

transurethral resection of the prostate

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46
Q

what is a surgical fix for benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

turp

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47
Q

what is a tool used to cut away enlargements that show up in prostate cancer

A

resectoscope

48
Q

what are the 2 methods for testing for prostate cancer

A

digital rectal exam
prostate specific antigen test

49
Q

what are the 2 ways to treat prostate cancer

A

interstitial radiotherapy
radical prostatectomy

50
Q

what are the 2 aneurysms

A

abdominal aortic aneurysm
berry (cerebral or saccular) aneurysm

51
Q

what is it called when the ductus arteriosis doesnt close after birth

A

patent ductus arteriosus

52
Q

what are the 3 signs someone needs a tracheotomy

A
  1. the presence of an upper airway obstruction
  2. difficulty breathing due to advanced pneumonia or other similar things
  3. respiration paralysis
53
Q

what is the opening made during a tracheotomy called

A

tracheostomy

54
Q

what is the emergency version of a tracheotomy

A

cricothyrotomy

55
Q

what is inflammation of the larynx and surrounding structures called

A

laryngitis

56
Q

laryngitis can turn into _______ which is very dangerous for kids

A

epiglottitis

57
Q

what blood condition is associated with atherosclerosis

A

high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia)

58
Q

whats the difference between a tracheotomy and a tracheostomy

A

tracheotomy: the cutting
tracheostomy: the sticking in the tube

59
Q

what is the definition of circumcision

A

surgical removal of the prepuce

60
Q

what are the health benefits of circumcision

A

less likely to deveolp UTIs in 1st year of life
protects against penile inflammation
reduced risks of penile cancer
reduced risk of getting STIs (some say)

61
Q

what are the drawbacks of circumcision

A

w/o anesthesia, procedure is painful and stressful,
risk of post surgery complications
some say less sensation

62
Q

what is another name for STDs

A

venereal diseases

63
Q

what is the leading cause of pelvic inflammatory disesaseseses

A

STIs

64
Q

what are the STIs from the clinical view

A

chlamydia
genital herpes
gonorrhea
syphilis

65
Q

what is it called when free air gets into the pleural cavity

A

pneumothorax

66
Q

what are the 2 ways to get a pneumothorax

A

air introduced externally (stabbed/shot)
air introduced interanally from lungs (broken rib punctures lung(

67
Q

what is it called when air in the pleural cavity causes a one/both lung(s) to deflate

A

pneumothorax

atelectasis is when a lung is only partially deflated

68
Q

what is it called when a hole in the chest/lung functions as a one way valve where air is pulled in as a patient struggles to breathe and cant get out

A

tension pneumothorax

69
Q

what is it called when blood is collected in the pleural cavity

A

hemothorax

70
Q

what is it called when serous fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity

A

hydrothorax

71
Q

what is it called when pus accumulates in the pleural cavity

A

empyema

72
Q

what is pneumonia

A

an infection of the alveoli of the lungs

73
Q

what do the bronchi produce and expel when someone has pneumonia

A

sputum

74
Q

what is asthma

A

chronic condition characterized by fits of bronchoconstriction, weezing/coughing/shortness of breath and excess mucus production

75
Q

what is emphysema

A

and irriversable loss of the pumonary gas exchange areas due to inflammation of the terminal bronchioles and alveoli +widespread destruciton pulmonary elastic tissue

76
Q

smoking causes __% of lung cancer

A

85

77
Q

what are the 3 patterns of lung cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
small cell carcinoma

78
Q

how does squamous cell carcinoma lung cancer happen and where does it come from

A

pseudostratfied ciliated columnar epithelium turns into stratified squamous epithelium to withstand chronic inflammation
if inflammation continues, it can cause enough genetic damage to become malignant

79
Q

how does adenocarcinoma lung cancer happen and where does it come from

A

arises from mucin producing glands in respiratory epithelium
begins when DNA injury causes one cell to become malignant and then it divides

80
Q

how does small cell carcinoma lung cancer happen and where does it come from

A

originates in main bronchi and eventually spreads to mediastinum
arises from neuroendocrine cells in the larger broncha

81
Q

what can small cell carcinoma lung cancer do that the other 2 cant

A

secrete hormones bc the cells are neuroendocrine cells

82
Q

which of the 3 patterns of lung cancer is the least common

A

smal cell carcinoma

83
Q

how should babies sleep to reduce sids risk

A

on their backs

84
Q

how is a death categorized as SIDS

A

baby must be under 1 y/o
death must come for no apparent reason other than stopped breathing

85
Q

what is the presence of ‘small bulges’ in the intestines called?
and just tell me what the ‘small bulges’ name is

A

diverticulosis
‘small bulges’=diverticula

86
Q

what is the inflammation of the ‘small bulges’ in the intestines called

A

diverticulitis

87
Q

what is the fourth most common cancer

A

colorectal cancer

88
Q

what is the definition of colorectal cancer

A

malignant growth anywhere along the intestines

89
Q

where do most colorectal tumors appear

A

distal descedning colon and rectum

90
Q

what does colorectal cancer arise from

A

polyps (outgrowths from the colon mucosa)

91
Q

what are the 3 checks for colorectal cancer and how often should you do each of them (>50)

A

fecal occult blood test (yearly)
sigmoidoscopy (every 5 yrs)
colonoscopy (every 10 yrs)

92
Q

what is liver cirrhosis

A

when hepatocytes have been replaced with scar tissue

93
Q

liver cirrhosis can cause

A

hepatic portal hypertention

94
Q

what is the name for chronic inflammation of the liver that can lead to liver necrosis

A

chronic hepatitis

95
Q

what viruses can cause hepatitis

A

hepatitus B or C

96
Q

How do you diagnose liver cirrhosis

A

palpatating hard/small liver +liver biopsy to confirm diagnosis

97
Q

what are some symptoms of advanced cirrhosis

A

jaundice
edema
ascites

98
Q

why does cirrhosis cause edema or ascites

A

bc liver isnt making albumin

99
Q

what are gallstones called

A

cholelithiasis

100
Q

what is it called if gallstones go into the biliary aparatus

A

choledocholethiasis

101
Q

what is the most common symptom of cholelithiasis

A

biliary colic

102
Q

what is the surgical removal of the gallbladder called

A

cholecystectomy

103
Q

what is the fancy name for celiac disease

A

gluten sensitive enteropathy

104
Q

wgat 2 diseases does inflammatory bowel disease mean

A

crohns disease and ulcerative colitis

105
Q

which comes with an increased risk of colon cancer:
crohns diseasee or ulcerative colitis?

A

ulcerative colitis

106
Q

what are the 3 types of intersex

A

true gonadal intersex (both)
46 XY intersex ((XY) with a vag)
46 XX intersex ((XX) with penas)

107
Q

what are the 2 common causes of 46 XY intersex babies

A

androgen insensitivity syndrome
or not enough testosterone while developing

108
Q

what are the 2 common causes of 46 XX intersex babies

A

exposure to too much adrogen (like if mom is taking a medication)
or congenital adreanal hyperplasia

109
Q

what did the person in the article ‘plumbing the depths’ have and what was the treatment

ithad to do with their heart

A

pericarditis and cardiac tamponade
did surgery to remove excess fluid (pericardiocentesis?)

110
Q

in the article ‘out of touch’ what was wrong with the lady’s heart and how did they fix it

A

mitral valve regurgitation

open heart surgery/mitral valve repair

111
Q

in the article ‘drowning from w/in’, what was wrong with the patient and how did they treat it

bakugo

A

congestive heart failure, nitroglyerine

112
Q

in the article ‘the great pretender’ , what was wrong with the guy’s heart area and how did they fix it

A

aortic dissection
drop BP, surgical repair+graft

113
Q

in the article ‘her sinusitis hid a darker danger’ what was wrong with the girl and how did they fix it

A

carotid dissection
anticoagulants +potential carotid stent

114
Q

in the article ‘whats that noise in her’ what was wrong with the girl’s brain and how did they fix it?

A

arteriovenous malformation
surgical stent+clotting the feeder vessels

115
Q

in the article ‘against the migraine’ what did the researchers say could be potentially causing migraines? what do you do to fix that issue?

A

patent foramen ovale
surgical closure via catheder

116
Q

in the article ‘tubes into tubes’ what was the guy training for and what were some of the things he was practicing

A

hypoxic child training scenarios
intubation, intraosseous infusion, IV catheter

117
Q

in the article “The breath of life” what did the baby have? what did they do to fix the problem

A

cystic hygroma (tangled mass of lymphatic vessels)
Cesarean section, intubation, surgical removal

HUMAN ANATOMY FROM HELL (28 decks)

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