anatomy final clinical views/supp articles Flashcards
what does a dissecting artery usually start with
sudden tearing pain between the shoulder blades
what class of drugs is sometimes misprescribed to patients who aren’t actually having a heart attack but instead a dissecting artery?
thrombolytics
what are some triggers of arterial dissection
high blood pressure, marfans syndrome, cocain use, or even pregnancy
what are the 3 ways arterial dissections kill
- closing off vital arteries
- backflooding the pericardial sac chocking off the heartbeat
- rupturing the aortic wall
what is it called when a dissection disrupts the nerve fibers that control pupil size and eyelid function, causing the pupil to shrink and the eyelid to droop
horner’s syndrome
what is the condition where someone has unequal pupils (20%~ of people have)
anisocoria
what is a method to preserve blood flow in a really bad carotid artery dissection
carotid stent
what is it called when the heart is directly injured due to drinking
alcoholic cardiomyopathy
what is the term for listening to the heart (or other body parts)
auscultation
what is the name of the sound the lungs make when they are full of fluid
rales
what are vericose veins
dilated, twisty turny curvy veins
valves in vericose veins become _______
nonfunctional
where are vericose veins common
superficial veins of lower limbs
what are some causes of vericose veins
genetic predisposition, aging, standing for a long time, pregnancy, obesity
how can you alleviate the symptoms of vericose veins
elevating the affected area
what are some treatments for vericose veins
irritant injections to cause scarring (sclerotherapy)
or vein removal (phlebectomy)
what are hemorrhoids
vericose veins in the anorectal region
what is a deep vein thrombus
refers to a blood clot in a vein
where are deep vein thrombuses most common
a vein in the calf
how can deep vein thrombuses occur
being immobile for a long time, heart disease,
what is it called when a deep vein thrombus gets into the lungs and clogs them
pulmonary embolus
what is chronically high blood pressure called
hypertention
what is hypertention defined as
systolic pressure over 140 mmHg
diastolic pressure over 90 mmHg
if you have hypertention youre more likely to develop (2)
atherosclerosis or anteriosclerosis
what is the condition that involves thickening of the arterial wall and reducing lumen space called
anteriosclerosis
what is chronically low blood pressure called
hypotention
what is it called when you get hypotention symptoms after standing up too fast
orthostatic/postural hypotention
what is a pulse
the rhythmic throbbing of an artery as blood is pumped through it
where are pulse points
places where an artery can be pushed up against bone or a solid structure so pulse can be measured
where are the common pulse points
superficial temporal artery
facial artery
common carotid artery
brachial artery
radial artery
femoral artery
posterior tibial artery
dorsalis peds artery
what are the 3 pigments that make up lip color
melanin, hemoglobin, carotene
what are the 2 subtypes of melanin
eumelenin (black)
pheomelanin (yellow/red)
know the basics of how to do CPR
yes!!
know how a doctor would test for an inguinal hernia
yes
how do you find L4 for a spinal tap
find the iliac crests and draw an imaginary line between them, the spinous process of L4 should be on that line
where should you do gluteal IM injections
superior lateral quadrant
61% of sudden cardiac arrests stem from what
ventricular fibrillation
cpr generates roughtly a ______ or the heart’s normal imput
1/3
people in cardiac arrest shocked in less than 3 minutes have a ______ chance of survival
74%
what does CPR stand for
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
deprived of oxygen, the brain starts dying in ____ minutes
4
what is the name for a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland
benign prostatic hyperplasia
what happens in benign prostatic hyperplasia
‘nodules’ form and compress the prostatic urethra
what are some symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia
polyuria (peeing more frequently)
dysuria (painful peeing)
nocturia (peeing @night)
what does TURP stand for
transurethral resection of the prostate
what is a surgical fix for benign prostatic hyperplasia
turp
what is a tool used to cut away enlargements that show up in prostate cancer
resectoscope
what are the 2 methods for testing for prostate cancer
digital rectal exam
prostate specific antigen test
what are the 2 ways to treat prostate cancer
interstitial radiotherapy
radical prostatectomy
what are the 2 aneurysms
abdominal aortic aneurysm
berry (cerebral or saccular) aneurysm
what is it called when the ductus arteriosis doesnt close after birth
patent ductus arteriosus
what are the 3 signs someone needs a tracheotomy
- the presence of an upper airway obstruction
- difficulty breathing due to advanced pneumonia or other similar things
- respiration paralysis
what is the opening made during a tracheotomy called
tracheostomy
what is the emergency version of a tracheotomy
cricothyrotomy
what is inflammation of the larynx and surrounding structures called
laryngitis
laryngitis can turn into _______ which is very dangerous for kids
epiglottitis
what blood condition is associated with atherosclerosis
high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia)
whats the difference between a tracheotomy and a tracheostomy
tracheotomy: the cutting
tracheostomy: the sticking in the tube
what is the definition of circumcision
surgical removal of the prepuce
what are the health benefits of circumcision
less likely to deveolp UTIs in 1st year of life
protects against penile inflammation
reduced risks of penile cancer
reduced risk of getting STIs (some say)
what are the drawbacks of circumcision
w/o anesthesia, procedure is painful and stressful,
risk of post surgery complications
some say less sensation
what is another name for STDs
venereal diseases
what is the leading cause of pelvic inflammatory disesaseseses
STIs
what are the STIs from the clinical view
chlamydia
genital herpes
gonorrhea
syphilis
what is it called when free air gets into the pleural cavity
pneumothorax
what are the 2 ways to get a pneumothorax
air introduced externally (stabbed/shot)
air introduced interanally from lungs (broken rib punctures lung(
what is it called when air in the pleural cavity causes a one/both lung(s) to deflate
pneumothorax
atelectasis is when a lung is only partially deflated
what is it called when a hole in the chest/lung functions as a one way valve where air is pulled in as a patient struggles to breathe and cant get out
tension pneumothorax
what is it called when blood is collected in the pleural cavity
hemothorax
what is it called when serous fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity
hydrothorax
what is it called when pus accumulates in the pleural cavity
empyema
what is pneumonia
an infection of the alveoli of the lungs
what do the bronchi produce and expel when someone has pneumonia
sputum
what is asthma
chronic condition characterized by fits of bronchoconstriction, weezing/coughing/shortness of breath and excess mucus production
what is emphysema
and irriversable loss of the pumonary gas exchange areas due to inflammation of the terminal bronchioles and alveoli +widespread destruciton pulmonary elastic tissue
smoking causes __% of lung cancer
85
what are the 3 patterns of lung cancer
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
small cell carcinoma
how does squamous cell carcinoma lung cancer happen and where does it come from
pseudostratfied ciliated columnar epithelium turns into stratified squamous epithelium to withstand chronic inflammation
if inflammation continues, it can cause enough genetic damage to become malignant
how does adenocarcinoma lung cancer happen and where does it come from
arises from mucin producing glands in respiratory epithelium
begins when DNA injury causes one cell to become malignant and then it divides
how does small cell carcinoma lung cancer happen and where does it come from
originates in main bronchi and eventually spreads to mediastinum
arises from neuroendocrine cells in the larger broncha
what can small cell carcinoma lung cancer do that the other 2 cant
secrete hormones bc the cells are neuroendocrine cells
which of the 3 patterns of lung cancer is the least common
smal cell carcinoma
how should babies sleep to reduce sids risk
on their backs
how is a death categorized as SIDS
baby must be under 1 y/o
death must come for no apparent reason other than stopped breathing
what is the presence of ‘small bulges’ in the intestines called?
and just tell me what the ‘small bulges’ name is
diverticulosis
‘small bulges’=diverticula
what is the inflammation of the ‘small bulges’ in the intestines called
diverticulitis
what is the fourth most common cancer
colorectal cancer
what is the definition of colorectal cancer
malignant growth anywhere along the intestines
where do most colorectal tumors appear
distal descedning colon and rectum
what does colorectal cancer arise from
polyps (outgrowths from the colon mucosa)
what are the 3 checks for colorectal cancer and how often should you do each of them (>50)
fecal occult blood test (yearly)
sigmoidoscopy (every 5 yrs)
colonoscopy (every 10 yrs)
what is liver cirrhosis
when hepatocytes have been replaced with scar tissue
liver cirrhosis can cause
hepatic portal hypertention
what is the name for chronic inflammation of the liver that can lead to liver necrosis
chronic hepatitis
what viruses can cause hepatitis
hepatitus B or C
How do you diagnose liver cirrhosis
palpatating hard/small liver +liver biopsy to confirm diagnosis
what are some symptoms of advanced cirrhosis
jaundice
edema
ascites
why does cirrhosis cause edema or ascites
bc liver isnt making albumin
what are gallstones called
cholelithiasis
what is it called if gallstones go into the biliary aparatus
choledocholethiasis
what is the most common symptom of cholelithiasis
biliary colic
what is the surgical removal of the gallbladder called
cholecystectomy
what is the fancy name for celiac disease
gluten sensitive enteropathy
wgat 2 diseases does inflammatory bowel disease mean
crohns disease and ulcerative colitis
which comes with an increased risk of colon cancer:
crohns diseasee or ulcerative colitis?
ulcerative colitis
what are the 3 types of intersex
true gonadal intersex (both)
46 XY intersex ((XY) with a vag)
46 XX intersex ((XX) with penas)
what are the 2 common causes of 46 XY intersex babies
androgen insensitivity syndrome
or not enough testosterone while developing
what are the 2 common causes of 46 XX intersex babies
exposure to too much adrogen (like if mom is taking a medication)
or congenital adreanal hyperplasia
what did the person in the article ‘plumbing the depths’ have and what was the treatment
ithad to do with their heart
pericarditis and cardiac tamponade
did surgery to remove excess fluid (pericardiocentesis?)
in the article ‘out of touch’ what was wrong with the lady’s heart and how did they fix it
mitral valve regurgitation
open heart surgery/mitral valve repair
in the article ‘drowning from w/in’, what was wrong with the patient and how did they treat it
bakugo
congestive heart failure, nitroglyerine
in the article ‘the great pretender’ , what was wrong with the guy’s heart area and how did they fix it
aortic dissection
drop BP, surgical repair+graft
in the article ‘her sinusitis hid a darker danger’ what was wrong with the girl and how did they fix it
carotid dissection
anticoagulants +potential carotid stent
in the article ‘whats that noise in her’ what was wrong with the girl’s brain and how did they fix it?
arteriovenous malformation
surgical stent+clotting the feeder vessels
in the article ‘against the migraine’ what did the researchers say could be potentially causing migraines? what do you do to fix that issue?
patent foramen ovale
surgical closure via catheder
in the article ‘tubes into tubes’ what was the guy training for and what were some of the things he was practicing
hypoxic child training scenarios
intubation, intraosseous infusion, IV catheter
in the article “The breath of life” what did the baby have? what did they do to fix the problem
cystic hygroma (tangled mass of lymphatic vessels)
Cesarean section, intubation, surgical removal
