anatomy final clinical views/supp articles Flashcards
1
Q
what does a dissecting artery usually start with
A
sudden tearing pain between the shoulder blades
2
Q
what class of drugs is sometimes misprescribed to patients who aren’t actually having a heart attack but instead a dissecting artery?
A
thrombolytics
3
Q
what are some triggers of arterial dissection
A
high blood pressure, marfans syndrome, cocain use, or even pregnancy
4
Q
what are the 3 ways arterial dissections kill
A
- closing off vital arteries
- backflooding the pericardial sac chocking off the heartbeat
- rupturing the aortic wall
5
Q
what is it called when a dissection disrupts the nerve fibers that control pupil size and eyelid function, causing the pupil to shrink and the eyelid to droop
A
horner’s syndrome
6
Q
what is the condition where someone has unequal pupils (20%~ of people have)
A
anisocoria
7
Q
what is a method to preserve blood flow in a really bad carotid artery dissection
A
carotid stent
8
Q
what is it called when the heart is directly injured due to drinking
A
alcoholic cardiomyopathy
9
Q
what is the term for listening to the heart (or other body parts)
A
auscultation
10
Q
what is the name of the sound the lungs make when they are full of fluid
A
rales
11
Q
what are vericose veins
A
dilated, twisty turny curvy veins
12
Q
valves in vericose veins become _______
A
nonfunctional
13
Q
where are vericose veins common
A
superficial veins of lower limbs
14
Q
what are some causes of vericose veins
A
genetic predisposition, aging, standing for a long time, pregnancy, obesity
15
Q
how can you alleviate the symptoms of vericose veins
A
elevating the affected area
16
Q
what are some treatments for vericose veins
A
irritant injections to cause scarring (sclerotherapy)
or vein removal (phlebectomy)
17
Q
what are hemorrhoids
A
vericose veins in the anorectal region
18
Q
what is a deep vein thrombus
A
refers to a blood clot in a vein
19
Q
where are deep vein thrombuses most common
A
a vein in the calf
20
Q
how can deep vein thrombuses occur
A
being immobile for a long time, heart disease,
21
Q
what is it called when a deep vein thrombus gets into the lungs and clogs them
A
pulmonary embolus
22
Q
what is chronically high blood pressure called
A
hypertention
23
Q
what is hypertention defined as
A
systolic pressure over 140 mmHg
diastolic pressure over 90 mmHg
24
Q
if you have hypertention youre more likely to develop (2)
A
atherosclerosis or anteriosclerosis
25
what is the condition that involves thickening of the arterial wall and reducing lumen space called
anteriosclerosis
26
what is chronically low blood pressure called
hypotention
27
what is it called when you get hypotention symptoms after standing up too fast
orthostatic/postural hypotention
28
what is a pulse
the rhythmic throbbing of an artery as blood is pumped through it
29
where are pulse points
places where an artery can be pushed up against bone or a solid structure so pulse can be measured
30
where are the common pulse points
superficial temporal artery
facial artery
common carotid artery
brachial artery
radial artery
femoral artery
posterior tibial artery
dorsalis peds artery
31
what are the 3 pigments that make up lip color
melanin, hemoglobin, carotene
32
what are the 2 subtypes of melanin
eumelenin (black)
pheomelanin (yellow/red)
33
know the basics of how to do CPR
yes!!
34
know how a doctor would test for an inguinal hernia
yes
35
how do you find L4 for a spinal tap
find the iliac crests and draw an imaginary line between them, the spinous process of L4 should be on that line
36
where should you do gluteal IM injections
superior lateral quadrant
37
61% of sudden cardiac arrests stem from what
ventricular fibrillation
38
cpr generates roughtly a ______ or the heart's normal imput
1/3
39
people in cardiac arrest shocked in less than 3 minutes have a ______ chance of survival
74%
40
what does CPR stand for
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
41
deprived of oxygen, the brain starts dying in ____ minutes
4
42
what is the name for a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland
benign prostatic hyperplasia
43
what happens in benign prostatic hyperplasia
'nodules' form and compress the prostatic urethra
44
what are some symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia
polyuria (peeing more frequently)
dysuria (painful peeing)
nocturia (peeing @night)
45
what does TURP stand for
transurethral resection of the prostate
46
what is a surgical fix for benign prostatic hyperplasia
turp
47
what is a tool used to cut away enlargements that show up in prostate cancer
resectoscope
48
what are the 2 methods for testing for prostate cancer
digital rectal exam
prostate specific antigen test
49
what are the 2 ways to treat prostate cancer
interstitial radiotherapy
radical prostatectomy
50
what are the 2 aneurysms
abdominal aortic aneurysm
berry (cerebral or saccular) aneurysm
51
what is it called when the ductus arteriosis doesnt close after birth
patent ductus arteriosus
52
what are the 3 signs someone needs a tracheotomy
1. the presence of an upper airway obstruction
2. difficulty breathing due to advanced pneumonia or other similar things
3. respiration paralysis
53
what is the opening made during a tracheotomy called
tracheostomy
54
what is the emergency version of a tracheotomy
cricothyrotomy
55
what is inflammation of the larynx and surrounding structures called
laryngitis
56
laryngitis can turn into _______ which is very dangerous for kids
epiglottitis
57
what blood condition is associated with atherosclerosis
high cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia)
58
whats the difference between a tracheotomy and a tracheostomy
tracheotomy: the cutting
tracheostomy: the sticking in the tube
59
what is the definition of circumcision
surgical removal of the prepuce
60
what are the health benefits of circumcision
less likely to deveolp UTIs in 1st year of life
protects against penile inflammation
reduced risks of penile cancer
reduced risk of getting STIs (some say)
61
what are the drawbacks of circumcision
w/o anesthesia, procedure is painful and stressful,
risk of post surgery complications
some say less sensation
62
what is another name for STDs
venereal diseases
63
what is the leading cause of pelvic inflammatory disesaseseses
STIs
64
what are the STIs from the clinical view
chlamydia
genital herpes
gonorrhea
syphilis
65
what is it called when free air gets into the pleural cavity
pneumothorax
66
what are the 2 ways to get a pneumothorax
air introduced externally (stabbed/shot)
air introduced interanally from lungs (broken rib punctures lung(
67
what is it called when air in the pleural cavity causes a one/both lung(s) to deflate
pneumothorax
| atelectasis is when a lung is only partially deflated
68
what is it called when a hole in the chest/lung functions as a one way valve where air is pulled in as a patient struggles to breathe and cant get out
tension pneumothorax
69
what is it called when blood is collected in the pleural cavity
hemothorax
70
what is it called when serous fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity
hydrothorax
71
what is it called when pus accumulates in the pleural cavity
empyema
72
what is pneumonia
an infection of the alveoli of the lungs
73
what do the bronchi produce and expel when someone has pneumonia
sputum
74
what is asthma
chronic condition characterized by fits of bronchoconstriction, weezing/coughing/shortness of breath and excess mucus production
75
what is emphysema
and irriversable loss of the pumonary gas exchange areas due to inflammation of the terminal bronchioles and alveoli +widespread destruciton pulmonary elastic tissue
76
smoking causes __% of lung cancer
85
77
what are the 3 patterns of lung cancer
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
small cell carcinoma
78
how does squamous cell carcinoma lung cancer happen and where does it come from
pseudostratfied ciliated columnar epithelium turns into stratified squamous epithelium to withstand chronic inflammation
if inflammation continues, it can cause enough genetic damage to become malignant
79
how does adenocarcinoma lung cancer happen and where does it come from
arises from mucin producing glands in respiratory epithelium
begins when DNA injury causes one cell to become malignant and then it divides
80
how does small cell carcinoma lung cancer happen and where does it come from
originates in main bronchi and eventually spreads to mediastinum
arises from neuroendocrine cells in the larger broncha
81
what can small cell carcinoma lung cancer do that the other 2 cant
secrete hormones bc the cells are neuroendocrine cells
82
which of the 3 patterns of lung cancer is the least common
smal cell carcinoma
83
how should babies sleep to reduce sids risk
on their backs
84
how is a death categorized as SIDS
baby must be under 1 y/o
death must come for no apparent reason other than stopped breathing
85
what is the presence of 'small bulges' in the intestines called?
and just tell me what the 'small bulges' name is
diverticulosis
'small bulges'=diverticula
86
what is the inflammation of the 'small bulges' in the intestines called
diverticulitis
87
what is the fourth most common cancer
colorectal cancer
88
what is the definition of colorectal cancer
malignant growth anywhere along the intestines
89
where do most colorectal tumors appear
distal descedning colon and rectum
90
what does colorectal cancer arise from
polyps (outgrowths from the colon mucosa)
91
what are the 3 checks for colorectal cancer and how often should you do each of them (>50)
fecal occult blood test (yearly)
sigmoidoscopy (every 5 yrs)
colonoscopy (every 10 yrs)
92
what is liver cirrhosis
when hepatocytes have been replaced with scar tissue
93
liver cirrhosis can cause
hepatic portal hypertention
94
what is the name for chronic inflammation of the liver that can lead to liver necrosis
chronic hepatitis
95
what viruses can cause hepatitis
hepatitus B or C
96
How do you diagnose liver cirrhosis
palpatating hard/small liver +liver biopsy to confirm diagnosis
97
what are some symptoms of advanced cirrhosis
jaundice
edema
ascites
98
why does cirrhosis cause edema or ascites
bc liver isnt making albumin
99
what are gallstones called
cholelithiasis
100
what is it called if gallstones go into the biliary aparatus
choledocholethiasis
101
what is the most common symptom of cholelithiasis
biliary colic
102
what is the surgical removal of the gallbladder called
cholecystectomy
103
what is the fancy name for celiac disease
gluten sensitive enteropathy
104
wgat 2 diseases does inflammatory bowel disease mean
crohns disease and ulcerative colitis
105
which comes with an increased risk of colon cancer:
crohns diseasee or ulcerative colitis?
ulcerative colitis
106
what are the 3 types of intersex
true gonadal intersex (both)
46 XY intersex ((XY) with a vag)
46 XX intersex ((XX) with penas)
107
what are the 2 common causes of 46 XY intersex babies
androgen insensitivity syndrome
or not enough testosterone while developing
108
what are the 2 common causes of 46 XX intersex babies
exposure to too much adrogen (like if mom is taking a medication)
or congenital adreanal hyperplasia
109
what did the person in the article 'plumbing the depths' have and what was the treatment
| ithad to do with their heart
pericarditis and cardiac tamponade
did surgery to remove excess fluid (pericardiocentesis?)
110
in the article 'out of touch' what was wrong with the lady's heart and how did they fix it
mitral valve regurgitation
open heart surgery/mitral valve repair
111
in the article 'drowning from w/in', what was wrong with the patient and how did they treat it
| bakugo
congestive heart failure, nitroglyerine
112
in the article 'the great pretender' , what was wrong with the guy's heart area and how did they fix it
aortic dissection
drop BP, surgical repair+graft
113
in the article 'her sinusitis hid a darker danger' what was wrong with the girl and how did they fix it
carotid dissection
anticoagulants +potential carotid stent
114
in the article 'whats that noise in her' what was wrong with the girl's brain and how did they fix it?
arteriovenous malformation
surgical stent+clotting the feeder vessels
115
in the article 'against the migraine' what did the researchers say could be potentially causing migraines? what do you do to fix that issue?
patent foramen ovale
surgical closure via catheder
116
in the article 'tubes into tubes' what was the guy training for and what were some of the things he was practicing
hypoxic child training scenarios
intubation, intraosseous infusion, IV catheter
117
in the article "The breath of life" what did the baby have? what did they do to fix the problem
cystic hygroma (tangled mass of lymphatic vessels)
Cesarean section, intubation, surgical removal
