exam 3 clinical views/supp articles Flashcards
1
Q
tendonitis
A
refers to inflammation of a tendon/synovial sheath
2
Q
what does tendonitis come from
A
overuse or repetitive use
3
Q
what are neuromuscular diseases
A
diseases that damage somatic motor neurons, neuromuscular junctions, or muscle fibers
4
Q
what is fibrolylagia
A
chronic severe pain involving muscles and bones
1-2% of population, more common in women
5
Q
what is muscular dystrophy
A
collective term for hereditary (skeletal) muscular degenerative diseases
6
Q
what is duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
A
progressive muscular weakness
common form of muscular distrophy
almost all cases males
7
Q
what is the destruction of skeletal muscle called
A
rhambdomyolysis
8
Q
what do neurotoxins/muscle paralysis do
A
interfere w processes that occur at neuromuscular junctions
9
Q
what is tetanus
A
spastic paralysis caused by bacteria. blocks release of glycine in spinal cord
10
Q
what is the bacteria that causes tetanus
A
clostridium tetani
11
Q
what does botulism do
A
prevents release of acetocholine (Ach)
12
Q
what bacteria causes botulism
A
clostridium botulinium
13
Q
what is the full name for bell palsy
A
idiopathic fascial nerve paralysis
14
Q
what is strabismus
A
when eyes aren’t properly aligned causing brain to ignore misaligned eye (lazy eye) which can lead to blindness in said eye
15
Q
what is it called when a lazy eye loses vision
A
strabismic amblyopia
16
Q
what is wryneck
A
shortened and tightened sternocleidomastoid
17
Q
what happens when the diaphragm is paralized
A
cant pull down to create vacuum in lungs to pull air in so suffocate
18
Q
where is the spinal cord injury that results in paralized diaphgram
A
at or above C4
19
Q
in the past, what virus could cause paralysis of the diaphragm
A
polio
20
Q
people with a paralyzed diaphragm need to be put on a
A
ventilator
21
Q
before ventilators existed, polio patients were put in
A
iron lungs
22
Q
what is a hernia
A
where a portion of the visera protrudes through a weakened part of the abdominopelvic muscular wall
23
Q
if herniated intestines swell blood flow can be cut off and it can die which is called
A
stranglated intestinal hernia
24
Q
what is the most common type of hernia
A
superfiscial inguinal/inguinal hernia
25
what is a direct inguinal hernia
small intestine protrudes directly through superfiscial inguinal ring but not through entire length of canal
26
what is an indirect inguinal hernia
herniation travels through entire inguinal canal
27
where does a femoral hernia occur
occurs in upper thigh just inf. to inguinal ligament
28
what is the surgical inscision between vagina and anus to prevent tearing during childbirth called
episiotomy
29
what does lateral epicondylitis come from
overuse of the common extensor tendon of the forearm
30
what is the carpal tunnel
the space between the carpal bones and the flexor retinaculum
31
what causes carpal tunnel syndrome
compression of the median nerve or tendons
32
which muscle is most commonly injured in rotator cuff injuries
supraspinatus
33
what innervates the serratus anterior
thoracic nerve
34
what happens if the serratus anterior stops working
it cant counterbalance the superfiscial back musces so the inf. angle of the scapula sticks out (winged scapula)
35
what is one way the serratus ant. can be paralyzed
thoracic nerve cut during surgical breast removal
36
what is a groin pull
caused by damaging the proximal attachments of the medial thigh muscles
37
when can strained/pulled hamstrings happen
when athletes stop/start running really fast
38
what is plantar fascitis caused by
inflammation caused by chronic irritation of the plantar aponeurosis
39
what are some causes of plantar fasciitis
age, bad shoes, weight lifting, overexcertion
40
what are shin splits
refers to soreness/pain somewhere along the length of the tibia
41
what are some causes of shin splits
tendonitis in the tendons of the ant. crural compartment and/or inflammation of the periosteum (periostitis)
42
how does compartment syndrome happen
occurs when blood vessels become compressed as a result of inflammaiton/swelling
43
how many hours do nerves die in
2
44
how many hours do skeletal m uscles die in
6
45
what happens because fascia cant stretch (the answer to this question is not 'compartment syndrome' even though that is a correct answer)
pressure increases and blood vessels get squished which causes reduced blood flow (ischemia) which eventually leads to hypoxia
46
what is neuroplasty
the name given to the ability that neurons have to remodel and adapt
47
what is neurogenesis
refers to the development of new neurons
48
what are gliomas
glial cell tumors
49
what are brain tumors made of
supporting tissue in the brain because neurons dont do mitosis
50
what is multiple sclerosis (MS)
autoimmune disorder that leads to progressive demylianation
51
what is Guillian-Barré syndrome (GBS)
peripheral nervous system disorder where inflammation causes loss of myelin
52
what are some treatments for spinal cord injuries
taking pressure off (braces, splits, surgery)
protecting neuron/glial cells from further damage
53
what is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
fast progressive degeneration of the somatic motor system
54
what are neural tube defects
serios developmental deformities of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges, usually from failure of fetal neural tube to close
55
what is anecephaly
partial or complete absense of the brain and crania bones
56
what is spina bifida
caudal portion of neural tube fails to close
57
what is spina bifida cystica characterized by
almost no vertebral arch formed
large cyst full of CSF that is surgically clsoed
58
which type of spina bifida is characterized by PARTIAL defect of vertebral arch
spina bifida occulta
59
what is meningitis
inflammation of the meninges caused by bacteria or virus
60
what is encephalitis
acute inflammatory disease of the brain
61
what is a hematoma
poolng of blood outside the vessle
62
what is an epidural hematoma
results from ruptured artery where blood pools in epidural space and puts pressure on surrounding brain matter
63
what is a subdural hematoma
results from ruptured artery where blood pools in subdural space and puts pressure on surrounding brain matter
64
what is traumatic brain injury (TBI)
refers to acute damage that occurs as a result of trauma to the head
65
what is a concussion characterized by
temporary, abrupt loss of consiousness after a blow to the head
headaches
drowsiness
confusion/amnesia
66
what is a contusion
bruising in the brain that causes blood to leak into the subarachnoid space
67
what is SIS
second impact syndrome- an individual experiences a second brain injury before the first one heals, very bad
68
what is hydrocephalus
excessive CSF which can lead to brain distortion
69
what can be done to treat hydrocephalus
inserting a VP (ventriculoperitoneal) shunt
70
what are some of the disorders 'autism spectrum disorder' can be used to refer to
autism, childhood disintegrative disorder, aspergers
71
what is axia?
uncoordinated jerky movements that result from impaired cerebellar function (being drunk)
72
what are some symptoms of impaired cerebellar function
disturbance of gait
loss of balencls bal lence
inability to detect proprioreceptive info
73
what is a headache caused by
caused by blood vessel diameter changes
74
what are migranes
frequent, reoccuring headaches that usually effect one side of the head
75
what is cerebral palsy
a group of neuromuscular disorders that usually result from damage to an infants brain before, during, or after birth
76
what are the 3 different types of cerebral palsy
atheloid
ataxic
spastic
77
what is atheloid cerebral palsy characterized by
slow, rhythmic, writhing movements of the hands
78
what is ataxic cerebral palsy characterized by
lack of muscle coordination
79
what is spastic cerebral palsy characterized by
increased muscular tone
80
what does epilepsy refer to
a group of symptoms with many causes (symptoms=seizures)
81
severe spasms and loss of consiousness
grand mal seizure
82
only effects sensory areas, no spasms
petit mal seizure
83
autosomal dominent hereditary disorder that effects cerebral nuclie
huntingtons disease
84
what are some characteristics of huntington disease
rapid jerky movements that start on one side of the face but progress to the arms and legs.
progressive intellectual decline
85
what does parkinson disease affect
muscle movements and balence
causes unintended or uncontrollable movements, such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination
86
what are some symptoms of parkinson disease
stiff posture, expressionless face, slow voluntary movements, shuffling gait, resting tremor
87
what is parkinson disease caused by
deficiency of dopamine
88
what is the science name for a stroke
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
89
what causes a stroke
reduced blood flow to the brain due to a blockage or damaged arterial blood flow
90
what are the names of the two types of blood clots that can cause strokes
thrombus (stationary)
embolus (moving blood clot that got stuck in the brain)
91
what are some symptoms of a stroke
loss/blurring of vision, weakness/numbness, headache, dizziness, regional sensory and/or motor loss
92
what is the science name for a mini stroke
transient ischemic attack
93
what is dyslexia
an inherited learning disability characterized by problems w/ single word decoding
94
what could be a cause of dyslexia
disconnect syndrome- where the transfer of information between cerebral hemispheres through corpus calloseum is impaired
95
what is the name for the surgical removal of the pituitary gland
hint: the answer is an 's' not an 'r' sound in the middle
hypophysectomy
96
what is the mneumonic for the cranial nerves
oh oh oh, to touch and feel very good vaginas, ah heaven.
97
what is a PFO
patent foramen ovale
98
what is the thing used to measure the pressure of CSF called
manometer
99
what is one of the ways doctors can visualize/look at the heart without cutting someone open
echocardiogram
100
what is the thing called that doctors use to look into your eyes
ophthalmoscope
101
what is the disorder called when someone experiences excruciating and unpredictable bouts of stabbing electric pain in the face
trigeminal neuralgia or tic doulourex
102
what causes trigeminal neuralgia
pressure on the trigeminal nerve
103
which vertebrae does the needle go through for a spinal tap
between L3 and L4 or between L4 and L5
104
what is the name of the virus responsible for shingles
varicella-zoster
105
what is shingles
a reactivation of childhood chickenpox
106
what can trigger shingles
stress, infection, or even a sunburn
107
what spinal nerves innervate the diaphragm
C3-5 and the phrenic nerve
108
what can cause axillary nerve injuries
compressed axilla, if surgical neck of the humerus is broken
109
what can you not do with axillary nerve damage
abduct the arm at the shoulder (deltoid palsy)
110
where is numbness with axillary nerve damage
on superolateral skin of the arm
111
what can cause radial nerve injuries
humeral shaft fractures or injuries to lateral elbow
112
what is a sign of radial nerve damage
"wrist drop" (unable to extend hand at the wrist due to palsy of the extensor muscles)
113
where would you feel numbness with radial nerve damage
posterior arm, forearm, and the lateral half of the dorsal side of the palm
114
what are some ways to get posterior cord injuires
improper use of crutches, drunkard's paralysis
115
what is drunkard's paraylis
draping their arm over the back of a chair for too long so it compresses the posterior cord
116
what are 3 things that can cause sciatica
poorly placed IM injections in the gluteus maximus
herniated vertebral disk compressing
piriformis compressing it
117
how can the common fibular nerve be injuired
fracture of the neck of the fibula or a cast thats too tight
118
what is 'foot drop'
when someone cant dorsiflex or evert the foot due to damage to the common fibular nerve
119
what is atrial fibrillation
a disturbance in the heart rhythm caused by pericarditis
120
what is pericarditis
an infection of the sac surrounding the heart
121
what is angia
pain caused by the heart not receiving enough oxygenated blood
122
what is ramsay hunt syndrome
when the varicella-zoster virus travels along speccific branches of the facial nerve
123
what is forme fruste
a modified version of shingles characterized by electric shocks and blisters on a skin lesion
124
what is zoster sine herpete
shingles w/o the lesions, only nerve pain
125
what is the condition that causes blood pressure to rise rapidly even to the point of blood vessels ruptirung
autonomia dysflexia
126
how does autonomia dysflexia cause high blood pressure
it stiumulates the sympathetic nerve division in charge of vasoconstriction and because the parasympathetic division is paralized it cant calm it down
127
what is autonomia dysflexia caused by
hyperactivity of the somatic nervous system
128
what is pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium usually caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi
129
what is a sign of cardiac tamponade
hearing a 'friction rub' while listening to someones heart
