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HUMAN ANATOMY FROM HELL > exam 3 clinical views/supp articles > Flashcards

exam 3 clinical views/supp articles Flashcards

1
Q

tendonitis

A

refers to inflammation of a tendon/synovial sheath

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2
Q

what does tendonitis come from

A

overuse or repetitive use

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3
Q

what are neuromuscular diseases

A

diseases that damage somatic motor neurons, neuromuscular junctions, or muscle fibers

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4
Q

what is fibrolylagia

A

chronic severe pain involving muscles and bones
1-2% of population, more common in women

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5
Q

what is muscular dystrophy

A

collective term for hereditary (skeletal) muscular degenerative diseases

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6
Q

what is duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

A

progressive muscular weakness
common form of muscular distrophy
almost all cases males

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7
Q

what is the destruction of skeletal muscle called

A

rhambdomyolysis

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8
Q

what do neurotoxins/muscle paralysis do

A

interfere w processes that occur at neuromuscular junctions

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9
Q

what is tetanus

A

spastic paralysis caused by bacteria. blocks release of glycine in spinal cord

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10
Q

what is the bacteria that causes tetanus

A

clostridium tetani

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11
Q

what does botulism do

A

prevents release of acetocholine (Ach)

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12
Q

what bacteria causes botulism

A

clostridium botulinium

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13
Q

what is the full name for bell palsy

A

idiopathic fascial nerve paralysis

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14
Q

what is strabismus

A

when eyes aren’t properly aligned causing brain to ignore misaligned eye (lazy eye) which can lead to blindness in said eye

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15
Q

what is it called when a lazy eye loses vision

A

strabismic amblyopia

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16
Q

what is wryneck

A

shortened and tightened sternocleidomastoid

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17
Q

what happens when the diaphragm is paralized

A

cant pull down to create vacuum in lungs to pull air in so suffocate

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18
Q

where is the spinal cord injury that results in paralized diaphgram

A

at or above C4

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19
Q

in the past, what virus could cause paralysis of the diaphragm

A

polio

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20
Q

people with a paralyzed diaphragm need to be put on a

A

ventilator

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21
Q

before ventilators existed, polio patients were put in

A

iron lungs

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22
Q

what is a hernia

A

where a portion of the visera protrudes through a weakened part of the abdominopelvic muscular wall

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23
Q

if herniated intestines swell blood flow can be cut off and it can die which is called

A

stranglated intestinal hernia

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24
Q

what is the most common type of hernia

A

superfiscial inguinal/inguinal hernia

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25
Q

what is a direct inguinal hernia

A

small intestine protrudes directly through superfiscial inguinal ring but not through entire length of canal

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26
Q

what is an indirect inguinal hernia

A

herniation travels through entire inguinal canal

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27
Q

where does a femoral hernia occur

A

occurs in upper thigh just inf. to inguinal ligament

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28
Q

what is the surgical inscision between vagina and anus to prevent tearing during childbirth called

A

episiotomy

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29
Q

what does lateral epicondylitis come from

A

overuse of the common extensor tendon of the forearm

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30
Q

what is the carpal tunnel

A

the space between the carpal bones and the flexor retinaculum

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31
Q

what causes carpal tunnel syndrome

A

compression of the median nerve or tendons

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32
Q

which muscle is most commonly injured in rotator cuff injuries

A

supraspinatus

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33
Q

what innervates the serratus anterior

A

thoracic nerve

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34
Q

what happens if the serratus anterior stops working

A

it cant counterbalance the superfiscial back musces so the inf. angle of the scapula sticks out (winged scapula)

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35
Q

what is one way the serratus ant. can be paralyzed

A

thoracic nerve cut during surgical breast removal

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36
Q

what is a groin pull

A

caused by damaging the proximal attachments of the medial thigh muscles

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37
Q

when can strained/pulled hamstrings happen

A

when athletes stop/start running really fast

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38
Q

what is plantar fascitis caused by

A

inflammation caused by chronic irritation of the plantar aponeurosis

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39
Q

what are some causes of plantar fasciitis

A

age, bad shoes, weight lifting, overexcertion

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40
Q

what are shin splits

A

refers to soreness/pain somewhere along the length of the tibia

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41
Q

what are some causes of shin splits

A

tendonitis in the tendons of the ant. crural compartment and/or inflammation of the periosteum (periostitis)

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42
Q

how does compartment syndrome happen

A

occurs when blood vessels become compressed as a result of inflammaiton/swelling

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43
Q

how many hours do nerves die in

A

2

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44
Q

how many hours do skeletal m uscles die in

A

6

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45
Q

what happens because fascia cant stretch (the answer to this question is not ‘compartment syndrome’ even though that is a correct answer)

A

pressure increases and blood vessels get squished which causes reduced blood flow (ischemia) which eventually leads to hypoxia

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46
Q

what is neuroplasty

A

the name given to the ability that neurons have to remodel and adapt

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47
Q

what is neurogenesis

A

refers to the development of new neurons

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48
Q

what are gliomas

A

glial cell tumors

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49
Q

what are brain tumors made of

A

supporting tissue in the brain because neurons dont do mitosis

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50
Q

what is multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

autoimmune disorder that leads to progressive demylianation

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51
Q

what is Guillian-Barré syndrome (GBS)

A

peripheral nervous system disorder where inflammation causes loss of myelin

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52
Q

what are some treatments for spinal cord injuries

A

taking pressure off (braces, splits, surgery)
protecting neuron/glial cells from further damage

53
Q

what is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

fast progressive degeneration of the somatic motor system

54
Q

what are neural tube defects

A

serios developmental deformities of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges, usually from failure of fetal neural tube to close

55
Q

what is anecephaly

A

partial or complete absense of the brain and crania bones

56
Q

what is spina bifida

A

caudal portion of neural tube fails to close

57
Q

what is spina bifida cystica characterized by

A

almost no vertebral arch formed
large cyst full of CSF that is surgically clsoed

58
Q

which type of spina bifida is characterized by PARTIAL defect of vertebral arch

A

spina bifida occulta

59
Q

what is meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges caused by bacteria or virus

60
Q

what is encephalitis

A

acute inflammatory disease of the brain

61
Q

what is a hematoma

A

poolng of blood outside the vessle

62
Q

what is an epidural hematoma

A

results from ruptured artery where blood pools in epidural space and puts pressure on surrounding brain matter

63
Q

what is a subdural hematoma

A

results from ruptured artery where blood pools in subdural space and puts pressure on surrounding brain matter

64
Q

what is traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A

refers to acute damage that occurs as a result of trauma to the head

65
Q

what is a concussion characterized by

A

temporary, abrupt loss of consiousness after a blow to the head
headaches
drowsiness
confusion/amnesia

66
Q

what is a contusion

A

bruising in the brain that causes blood to leak into the subarachnoid space

67
Q

what is SIS

A

second impact syndrome- an individual experiences a second brain injury before the first one heals, very bad

68
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

excessive CSF which can lead to brain distortion

69
Q

what can be done to treat hydrocephalus

A

inserting a VP (ventriculoperitoneal) shunt

70
Q

what are some of the disorders ‘autism spectrum disorder’ can be used to refer to

A

autism, childhood disintegrative disorder, aspergers

71
Q

what is axia?

A

uncoordinated jerky movements that result from impaired cerebellar function (being drunk)

72
Q

what are some symptoms of impaired cerebellar function

A

disturbance of gait
loss of balencls bal lence
inability to detect proprioreceptive info

73
Q

what is a headache caused by

A

caused by blood vessel diameter changes

74
Q

what are migranes

A

frequent, reoccuring headaches that usually effect one side of the head

75
Q

what is cerebral palsy

A

a group of neuromuscular disorders that usually result from damage to an infants brain before, during, or after birth

76
Q

what are the 3 different types of cerebral palsy

A

atheloid
ataxic
spastic

77
Q

what is atheloid cerebral palsy characterized by

A

slow, rhythmic, writhing movements of the hands

78
Q

what is ataxic cerebral palsy characterized by

A

lack of muscle coordination

79
Q

what is spastic cerebral palsy characterized by

A

increased muscular tone

80
Q

what does epilepsy refer to

A

a group of symptoms with many causes (symptoms=seizures)

81
Q

severe spasms and loss of consiousness

A

grand mal seizure

82
Q

only effects sensory areas, no spasms

A

petit mal seizure

83
Q

autosomal dominent hereditary disorder that effects cerebral nuclie

A

huntingtons disease

84
Q

what are some characteristics of huntington disease

A

rapid jerky movements that start on one side of the face but progress to the arms and legs.
progressive intellectual decline

85
Q

what does parkinson disease affect

A

muscle movements and balence
causes unintended or uncontrollable movements, such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination

86
Q

what are some symptoms of parkinson disease

A

stiff posture, expressionless face, slow voluntary movements, shuffling gait, resting tremor

87
Q

what is parkinson disease caused by

A

deficiency of dopamine

88
Q

what is the science name for a stroke

A

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

89
Q

what causes a stroke

A

reduced blood flow to the brain due to a blockage or damaged arterial blood flow

90
Q

what are the names of the two types of blood clots that can cause strokes

A

thrombus (stationary)
embolus (moving blood clot that got stuck in the brain)

91
Q

what are some symptoms of a stroke

A

loss/blurring of vision, weakness/numbness, headache, dizziness, regional sensory and/or motor loss

92
Q

what is the science name for a mini stroke

A

transient ischemic attack

93
Q

what is dyslexia

A

an inherited learning disability characterized by problems w/ single word decoding

94
Q

what could be a cause of dyslexia

A

disconnect syndrome- where the transfer of information between cerebral hemispheres through corpus calloseum is impaired

95
Q

what is the name for the surgical removal of the pituitary gland

hint: the answer is an ‘s’ not an ‘r’ sound in the middle

A

hypophysectomy

96
Q

what is the mneumonic for the cranial nerves

A

oh oh oh, to touch and feel very good vaginas, ah heaven.

97
Q

what is a PFO

A

patent foramen ovale

98
Q

what is the thing used to measure the pressure of CSF called

A

manometer

99
Q

what is one of the ways doctors can visualize/look at the heart without cutting someone open

A

echocardiogram

100
Q

what is the thing called that doctors use to look into your eyes

A

ophthalmoscope

101
Q

what is the disorder called when someone experiences excruciating and unpredictable bouts of stabbing electric pain in the face

A

trigeminal neuralgia or tic doulourex

102
Q

what causes trigeminal neuralgia

A

pressure on the trigeminal nerve

103
Q

which vertebrae does the needle go through for a spinal tap

A

between L3 and L4 or between L4 and L5

104
Q

what is the name of the virus responsible for shingles

A

varicella-zoster

105
Q

what is shingles

A

a reactivation of childhood chickenpox

106
Q

what can trigger shingles

A

stress, infection, or even a sunburn

107
Q

what spinal nerves innervate the diaphragm

A

C3-5 and the phrenic nerve

108
Q

what can cause axillary nerve injuries

A

compressed axilla, if surgical neck of the humerus is broken

109
Q

what can you not do with axillary nerve damage

A

abduct the arm at the shoulder (deltoid palsy)

110
Q

where is numbness with axillary nerve damage

A

on superolateral skin of the arm

111
Q

what can cause radial nerve injuries

A

humeral shaft fractures or injuries to lateral elbow

112
Q

what is a sign of radial nerve damage

A

“wrist drop” (unable to extend hand at the wrist due to palsy of the extensor muscles)

113
Q

where would you feel numbness with radial nerve damage

A

posterior arm, forearm, and the lateral half of the dorsal side of the palm

114
Q

what are some ways to get posterior cord injuires

A

improper use of crutches, drunkard’s paralysis

115
Q

what is drunkard’s paraylis

A

draping their arm over the back of a chair for too long so it compresses the posterior cord

116
Q

what are 3 things that can cause sciatica

A

poorly placed IM injections in the gluteus maximus
herniated vertebral disk compressing
piriformis compressing it

117
Q

how can the common fibular nerve be injuired

A

fracture of the neck of the fibula or a cast thats too tight

118
Q

what is ‘foot drop’

A

when someone cant dorsiflex or evert the foot due to damage to the common fibular nerve

119
Q

what is atrial fibrillation

A

a disturbance in the heart rhythm caused by pericarditis

120
Q

what is pericarditis

A

an infection of the sac surrounding the heart

121
Q

what is angia

A

pain caused by the heart not receiving enough oxygenated blood

122
Q

what is ramsay hunt syndrome

A

when the varicella-zoster virus travels along speccific branches of the facial nerve

123
Q

what is forme fruste

A

a modified version of shingles characterized by electric shocks and blisters on a skin lesion

124
Q

what is zoster sine herpete

A

shingles w/o the lesions, only nerve pain

125
Q

what is the condition that causes blood pressure to rise rapidly even to the point of blood vessels ruptirung

A

autonomia dysflexia

126
Q

how does autonomia dysflexia cause high blood pressure

A

it stiumulates the sympathetic nerve division in charge of vasoconstriction and because the parasympathetic division is paralized it cant calm it down

127
Q

what is autonomia dysflexia caused by

A

hyperactivity of the somatic nervous system

128
Q

what is pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium usually caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi

129
Q

what is a sign of cardiac tamponade

A

hearing a ‘friction rub’ while listening to someones heart

HUMAN ANATOMY FROM HELL (28 decks)

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