Random cancer facts Flashcards

1
Q

Marginal zone lymphoma - which autoimmune diseases?

A

The marginal zone in the lymph node is associated with chronic autoimmune disease. H pylori MALToma Sjorgen’s - unilateral parotid enlargement Hashimoto’s - Hurthle giant cells

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2
Q

Small round blue cell tumors?

A

Ewing’s (t11;22) Rhabdomyosarcoma Wilms Tumor SCLC Neuro/medulloblastoma

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3
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma translocation? Location in bone?

A

t(11;22), small round blue cell tumor, diaphysis

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4
Q

Tumor marker for melanoma?

A

S-100

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5
Q

S-100 tumor marker?

A

Neural crest cell marker. Melanoma, Neurofibroma, Schwannoma.

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6
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma cells: histology, immunohistochemistry

A

Rhabdomyoblasts: small round blue cells, cytoplasmic cross striations. Desmin and myogenin.

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7
Q

HPV: high risk subtypes and pro-oncogenic proteins

A

HPV 16, 18, 31, 33. E6 suppresses p53. E7 suppresses Rb.

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8
Q

Tumors associated with Psammoma bodies?

A
  • Papillary thyroid cancer
  • Papillary serous carcinoma of endometrium or ovary
  • Meningioma (whorled spindle cells)
  • Mesothelioma (gross: plaques)
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9
Q

Tumors with hematogenous spread?

A

“Hematogenous Spreading Cancers Reign Foolishly”:

  • Choriocarcinoma (chorion seeks out and invades vessels!)
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma
  • Renal (clear) cell carcinoma
  • Follicular thyroid carcinoma
  • Sarcomas
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10
Q

Sex cord stromal tumors. Which one has a histologic correlate?

A
  • Granulosa/theca cell tumors - hyperestrogen
  • Sertoli/leydig cell tumors - Reinke crystals
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11
Q

What is Meigs syndrome?

A

Ovarian fibroma with pleural effusion and ascites.

Cool story bro: hard tumor irritates peritoneum, causing secretion.

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12
Q

Breast ca: invasive ductal carcinoma signs, subtypes

A
  • Mass, calcifications, desmoplastic response, no myoepithelium
  • Subtypes:
    • Medullary carcinoma:
      • lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate
      • BRCA1-associated
    • Mucinous carcinoma
      • cells floating in a pool of mucus
    • Tubular carcinoma
      • well-differentiated glands (like sclerosing adenosis), but
      • desmoplastic response, lacks myoepithelium
    • Inflammatory carcinoma - clinicopathologic
      • Clinical: breast inflammation, no mass.
      • Pathologic: dermal lymphatic invasion. Peau d’orange.
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13
Q

What two breast conditions can cause retraction of the nipple?

A
  1. Involvement of cooper’s ligament in invasive ductal carcinoma
  2. Periductal mastitis - smokers, relative vitamin A deficiency, granulomas.
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14
Q

Ddx for nipple discharge?

A
  • Galactorrhea - nipple stimulation, prolactinoma, medications (risperidone, high potency typicals) - usually bilateral
  • Mammary duct ectasia - green-brown
  • Acute mastitis, inflammatory carcinoma - purulent
  • Papilloma, benign or malignant - bloody
  • Ductal carcinoma - invasive or in-situ
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15
Q

Childhood brain tumors (3) - how do you distinguish on imaging?

A

From most to least common:

  1. Pilocytic astrocytoma
    • Both cystic and solid components on imaging
    • Usually cerebellar, can be cerebral
    • GFAP+, Rosenthal fibers
  2. Medulloblastoma
    • Only solid components on imaging
    • Always cerebellar
    • Small round blue cells
  3. Ependymoma
    • Heterogeneous masses
    • Usually from floor of 4th ventricle
    • Perivascular pseudorosettes
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16
Q

Trousseau syndrome

A

Migratory thrombophlebitis. Due to tumor-associated release of procoagulant mediators. Same mechanism as marantic endocarditis (NBTE). Esp colon or pancreatic ca.

17
Q

Stewart-Treves syndrome. Chronic lymphedema is a risk for?

A

Angiosarcoma.

18
Q

How would you differentiate btw two kinds of intestinal masses:

H. Pylori MALToma vs Burkitt lymphoma?

A

Burkitt lymphoma more common.

Starry sky vs marginal zone lymphoma.

Ki-67 >= 99% in Burkitt.

19
Q

Erb-B2 is aka?

A

HER2/neu

20
Q

Cervical cancer risk factors

A
  1. Infection with HPV 16, 18, 31, 33
  2. Immunosuppression (eg HIV)
  3. low socioeconomic status
  4. sexual activity
  5. smoking

Take home: sex > smoking risk fac

21
Q

duodenal vs gastric ulcers - which can be malignant?

A

Gastric only.

22
Q

NF1 criterion?

A

Requires two of:

  • six or more cafe-au-lait spots
  • intertriginous freckling
  • cutaneous fibromas/plexiform neurofibroma. Benign growths of schwann cells.
  • optic nerve glioma
  • bony lesions
  • iris Lisch nodules
  • relative with NF1
23
Q

Lipoma vs Liposarcoma

A

Differentiate histologically. Both are slow growing masses.

Liposarcoma has “scalloping of nuclear membrane” and “nuclear indentations”.

24
Q

Rhabdomyoma vs rhabdomyosarcoma?

A
  • Rhabdomyoma
    • Peds. often cardiac. Associated with tuberous sclerosis.
    • Can occur on head and neck.
    • Polygonal cells, vacuolated eosinophilic cytoplasm, peripheral nuclei
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma
    • Peds. Small, round blue cell tumor.
    • myoD1 and myogenin
    • head, neck, GU tract
25
Q

Fibrosarcoma vs Desmoid tumor vs Angiosarcoma. Where, who.

A
  • Fibrosarcoma
    • anaplastic spindle cells in herringbone pattern
    • hemorrhage, necrosis
  • Angiosarcoma: following radiation, lymphedema (Stewart-Treves)
    • CD31, factor VIII
  • Desmoid tumor
    • benign tumor that recurs, beta-catenin mutation
    • assoc with FAP mutation - Gardner syndrome
26
Q

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome?

A

Imprinting disorder, can be in multiple genes. Overgrowth syndrome, can predispose to cancer (Wilms tumor)

27
Q

What are the cancers associated with radiation therapy?

A

Tyroid cancer

Leukemia

Also, salivary glands, skin cancer, schwannoma, meningioma, glioma

28
Q

von-Hippel-Lindau

A

Cerebellar and retinal hemangioblastomas, RCC, pheo

29
Q

Dysplastic nevus syndrome locus?

A

9p21, CDKN2A