Random cancer facts Flashcards
Marginal zone lymphoma - which autoimmune diseases?
The marginal zone in the lymph node is associated with chronic autoimmune disease. H pylori MALToma Sjorgen’s - unilateral parotid enlargement Hashimoto’s - Hurthle giant cells
Small round blue cell tumors?
Ewing’s (t11;22) Rhabdomyosarcoma Wilms Tumor SCLC Neuro/medulloblastoma
Ewing’s sarcoma translocation? Location in bone?
t(11;22), small round blue cell tumor, diaphysis
Tumor marker for melanoma?
S-100
S-100 tumor marker?
Neural crest cell marker. Melanoma, Neurofibroma, Schwannoma.
Rhabdomyosarcoma cells: histology, immunohistochemistry
Rhabdomyoblasts: small round blue cells, cytoplasmic cross striations. Desmin and myogenin.
HPV: high risk subtypes and pro-oncogenic proteins
HPV 16, 18, 31, 33. E6 suppresses p53. E7 suppresses Rb.
Tumors associated with Psammoma bodies?
- Papillary thyroid cancer
- Papillary serous carcinoma of endometrium or ovary
- Meningioma (whorled spindle cells)
- Mesothelioma (gross: plaques)
Tumors with hematogenous spread?
“Hematogenous Spreading Cancers Reign Foolishly”:
- Choriocarcinoma (chorion seeks out and invades vessels!)
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- Renal (clear) cell carcinoma
- Follicular thyroid carcinoma
- Sarcomas
Sex cord stromal tumors. Which one has a histologic correlate?
- Granulosa/theca cell tumors - hyperestrogen
- Sertoli/leydig cell tumors - Reinke crystals
What is Meigs syndrome?
Ovarian fibroma with pleural effusion and ascites.
Cool story bro: hard tumor irritates peritoneum, causing secretion.
Breast ca: invasive ductal carcinoma signs, subtypes
- Mass, calcifications, desmoplastic response, no myoepithelium
- Subtypes:
- Medullary carcinoma:
- lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate
- BRCA1-associated
- Mucinous carcinoma
- cells floating in a pool of mucus
- Tubular carcinoma
- well-differentiated glands (like sclerosing adenosis), but
- desmoplastic response, lacks myoepithelium
- Inflammatory carcinoma - clinicopathologic
- Clinical: breast inflammation, no mass.
- Pathologic: dermal lymphatic invasion. Peau d’orange.
- Medullary carcinoma:
What two breast conditions can cause retraction of the nipple?
- Involvement of cooper’s ligament in invasive ductal carcinoma
- Periductal mastitis - smokers, relative vitamin A deficiency, granulomas.
Ddx for nipple discharge?
- Galactorrhea - nipple stimulation, prolactinoma, medications (risperidone, high potency typicals) - usually bilateral
- Mammary duct ectasia - green-brown
- Acute mastitis, inflammatory carcinoma - purulent
- Papilloma, benign or malignant - bloody
- Ductal carcinoma - invasive or in-situ
Childhood brain tumors (3) - how do you distinguish on imaging?
From most to least common:
- Pilocytic astrocytoma
- Both cystic and solid components on imaging
- Usually cerebellar, can be cerebral
- GFAP+, Rosenthal fibers
- Medulloblastoma
- Only solid components on imaging
- Always cerebellar
- Small round blue cells
- Ependymoma
- Heterogeneous masses
- Usually from floor of 4th ventricle
- Perivascular pseudorosettes
Trousseau syndrome
Migratory thrombophlebitis. Due to tumor-associated release of procoagulant mediators. Same mechanism as marantic endocarditis (NBTE). Esp colon or pancreatic ca.
Stewart-Treves syndrome. Chronic lymphedema is a risk for?
Angiosarcoma.
How would you differentiate btw two kinds of intestinal masses:
H. Pylori MALToma vs Burkitt lymphoma?
Burkitt lymphoma more common.
Starry sky vs marginal zone lymphoma.
Ki-67 >= 99% in Burkitt.
Erb-B2 is aka?
HER2/neu
Cervical cancer risk factors
- Infection with HPV 16, 18, 31, 33
- Immunosuppression (eg HIV)
- low socioeconomic status
- sexual activity
- smoking
Take home: sex > smoking risk fac
duodenal vs gastric ulcers - which can be malignant?
Gastric only.
NF1 criterion?
Requires two of:
- six or more cafe-au-lait spots
- intertriginous freckling
- cutaneous fibromas/plexiform neurofibroma. Benign growths of schwann cells.
- optic nerve glioma
- bony lesions
- iris Lisch nodules
- relative with NF1
Lipoma vs Liposarcoma
Differentiate histologically. Both are slow growing masses.
Liposarcoma has “scalloping of nuclear membrane” and “nuclear indentations”.
Rhabdomyoma vs rhabdomyosarcoma?
- Rhabdomyoma
- Peds. often cardiac. Associated with tuberous sclerosis.
- Can occur on head and neck.
- Polygonal cells, vacuolated eosinophilic cytoplasm, peripheral nuclei
- Rhabdomyosarcoma
- Peds. Small, round blue cell tumor.
- myoD1 and myogenin
- head, neck, GU tract
Fibrosarcoma vs Desmoid tumor vs Angiosarcoma. Where, who.
- Fibrosarcoma
- anaplastic spindle cells in herringbone pattern
- hemorrhage, necrosis
- Angiosarcoma: following radiation, lymphedema (Stewart-Treves)
- CD31, factor VIII
- Desmoid tumor
- benign tumor that recurs, beta-catenin mutation
- assoc with FAP mutation - Gardner syndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome?
Imprinting disorder, can be in multiple genes. Overgrowth syndrome, can predispose to cancer (Wilms tumor)
What are the cancers associated with radiation therapy?
Tyroid cancer
Leukemia
Also, salivary glands, skin cancer, schwannoma, meningioma, glioma
von-Hippel-Lindau
Cerebellar and retinal hemangioblastomas, RCC, pheo
Dysplastic nevus syndrome locus?
9p21, CDKN2A
