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Anatomy > RADIOLOGY > Flashcards

RADIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

what is an xray

A

form of electromagnetic energy with a very short wavelength which allows xrays to penetrate matter unlike light rays

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2
Q

How are xrays produced ?

A

xray tube consits of an evacuated glass tube with cathode and anode terminals; cathode tungsten filament in heated to incandescencce, giving off electron; electrons bombard positively charged anode target and xray are emitted

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3
Q

ionizing radiation

A

radiation that has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms or molecules; forms of ionization radiation include Xray, gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles and neutrons

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4
Q

what involves ionizing radiation

A

xrays, nucleur medicne studis and fluroscopy

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5
Q

radioopaque tissue is

A

denser, absorbs more xrays and appears as white image on film

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6
Q

radiolucen tissue is

A

less dense, absorbs less xrays and appears as darker image on film

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7
Q

film cassette

A

patients cannot hold still long enough to obtain an image from x rays along; cassette contains flourescent screens which glow when activated by xrays and this light is used to expose the film; less radiation and exposure times are needed; the grid cuts down on scatter effect on film-like a lens

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8
Q

The close an object is to the film

A

the less magnified its image

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9
Q

advantages to digial radioagrphy

A

less storage space
multiple monitors can look at same image at the same time, difficult to Lose films, transmitted electronically, view generated can be altered by the computer

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10
Q

disadvantages of digital radiography

A

hospitals arealdy have fully functional film based imaging equipment, new equpment is expensive, may not be as sharp

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11
Q

flouroscopy

A

common radiological technique allows realtime visulaization; continous beam of xrays; common procedures used for are upper gi and lower gi, and many interventional procedures

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12
Q

types of GI contrast

A

barium sulfate or iodinated water; not absorbed

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13
Q

barium sulfate

A

dense, good images, slow to be excreted, not good is body cavity is posibile, must be dilute for CT scan

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14
Q

iodine based water soluble contrast

A

ok if spilled into cavities, less dense, less details, toxic to lung tissue,

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15
Q

intravenous contrast

A

imaging of blood vessels or urinary tract use iodinated compounds but they are toxic to kidneys

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16
Q

ultrasound

A

narrow beam of high frequency sound waves is procued by vibrating crystals; sound waves directed into the body and reflected back dependent upon tissues differing acoustic impedance

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17
Q

anechoic

A

echo-free due to absence of acoustic interfaces

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18
Q

sonolucent

A

cyst or fluid filled viscus shows as dark area

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19
Q

echogenic

A

based on internal echoes due to acoustic interfaces, solid tisues, tumors, fat or fibrous itssue show as LIGHT areas

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20
Q

advantages of ultrasound

A

no ionixing radiation safe, multiplanar imaging; ability to differentiate cystic, solid and complex tissue, cost effectv, portable and realtime analysis

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21
Q

disadvantages of ultrasound

A

air and bone produce extreme impendance; most sound is reflected prohibitng sound penetration; images not as clear as CT or MRI, and operator depedent

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22
Q

doppler ultrasound

A

can be used to calculate velocity of moving blod

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23
Q

computer tomography

A

cross sectional xray imaging

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24
Q

in computer tomography dense tissues are

A

white

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25
Q

in computer tomography lease dense tissues are

A

black

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26
Q

advantages of CT scanning

A

extremely sensitive to slight differenences in tissue, comparison screen or film radiography requires 5% difference, excellent images, available almost everywhere

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27
Q

disadvatnages of CT scann

A

expensive, high demand may mean long wait time, ionizing radiation, over utilized

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28
Q

IV contrast for CT

A

differentiate vascular form nonascular structures, and urinary tract

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29
Q

oral contrast for CT

A

delineates GI tract, must NOT be TOO DENSE

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30
Q

MRI

A

imaging of protons

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31
Q

lungs are what color in MRI

A

black

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32
Q

fat under skin in MRI is

A

white

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33
Q

image in MRI are determined by

A

number of hydrogen atoms not by tissue density

34
Q

gandolinium contrast

A

magnetically active and used to enhance contrast between tissues especially T1, blood stream, helps with imaging strokes, tumors, infections

35
Q

disadvantages

A

long scanning times, claustrophobia people with pacemakers, non-ferrous metals interefere with image quality, high cost

36
Q

bone in CT appears

A

white

37
Q

bone in MRI appears

A

black

38
Q

CT is excelletn for

A

bone

39
Q

MRI is excellent for

A

soft tissue

40
Q

common indications for CT imaging

A

trauam, intracranial hemorrhage, fracture detetion, evaluation, spine alignment, foreign bodies in joints, neoplasm,s axial images

41
Q

uses for MRI

A

non urgen imaging, musculoskeletal system injuries

42
Q

radioisitope scanning

A

radioactive isotope is given intravenously or by mouth and uptake is imaged with gamma camera

43
Q

heptobiliary iminodiacetic acid or HIDA scan

A

injected, excreted by the liver into a biliary tree, enters the GB and flows into the bowel

44
Q

sentinel lymph node scan

A

used in malignant melanoma and breast cancer cases; allows removal fo the first lymph node that drains the tumor site

45
Q

SPECT

A

specialized gamma camera rotates around patient to produce a tomographic image used in cardiac imaging and cerebral perfusion scans

46
Q

PET Scan

A

evaluates how cells use glucose FDG is given to patient and it concentrates in the tissue accroding to METABOLIC rate

47
Q

PET is used for

A

oncology, cardiology, neurology

48
Q

what are the three cervical spine series

A

AP, lateral and odontoid view

49
Q

what can you see in a AP cspine

A

normal degenerative changes, articular pillar changes, alignment of lateral masses and perhaps any cervical ribs

50
Q

what is the highest visulaized vertebrae in C spine AP view

A

c3

51
Q

lateral C spine what do you need to see

A

must see all 7 cervical and top of t1 used for prevertebral soft tissue analysis

52
Q

lateral C spine you can use to see

A

alingment of vertebral segments, high of vertebral bodies and height of intervertebral dics

53
Q

odontoid view

A

see the integrity of dens and the alignment of C1 and C2

54
Q

what does the presence of lipping of vertebral bodies indicate

A

presence of osteophytes

55
Q

AP lumboscral spine

A

count vertebral bodies, check alignment, evaluate bone density, pedicles cortices, transverse processes, examine sacrm and SI joints

56
Q

spondyloisthesis

A

anterior slippage of vertebral segment; fracture or defect in the pars interarticularis, visslbe displacement on lateral view

57
Q

T1 MRI images

A

excellent resolution used to procure anatomic information

58
Q

T2 images

A

better contrast cause water to light up and shows pathology well

59
Q

colors of things in T1 image

A

fat is white, soft tissue is grey

60
Q

in a t2 image what are the colors of things

A

water is ligher grey, fat greyl used to look for pathology

61
Q

cortical bone, calcium, air and fast flowing blood

A

all appear very dark in MRI

62
Q

what is the test of choice for chornic conditions

A

MRI

63
Q

what is the test of choice for acute conditions

A

CT

64
Q

what type of scan is helpful in deciding whether or not surgery is necessary for fractures of vertebrae

A

CT

65
Q

what are the different types of fractures

A 
segmental
comminuted (pieces)
spiral
oblqiue
transverse
66
Q

communuted fracture

A

broken into several pieces or crushed
high probability of damage to surrouding tissues
may heal with immobilization but frequenly requires ORIF

67
Q

oblque fracture

A

likely due to shearing force along line of fracture, pointed ends make open fractures morel ikely

68
Q

spiral fracture

A

result of fixed distal component with rotational force

69
Q

greenstick farctures

A

pediatric fracture, bone is flexed breakage is only on one side

70
Q

torus or buckle facture

A

bone id flexed not completely transected, comparable to folding a papertowel roll

71
Q

95% of glenohumeral dislocations are

A

anterior and subcoracoid

72
Q

what is the best technique for rotator cuff injuries

A

MRI

73
Q

what is sail sign associated with

A

radial head fracture, MRI can confirm diagnosis

74
Q

Smith’s fracture

A

caused by falling on palmar flexed hand, reverse of colles fracture, distal radius fracture with palmar angulation of distal fragment

75
Q

Colles fracture

A

caused by falling on dorsiflexed hand, distal radius fracture with dorsal angulation of distal fracment

76
Q

perilunate dislocation

A

lunate is normal but rest of carpal bones dislocated posteirorly

77
Q

lunate dislocation

A

lunate is rotated and dislocated toward palmar side

78
Q

thickening around joints is called

A

herberdens nodes

79
Q

ulnar deviation of digits is associated with

A

rheumatoid arthirits

80
Q

MRI is test of choice for

A

medial meniscus tear

81
Q

Mortise view of ankle

A

allows visualization of the relationship betweeen the distal tibia and fibula

Anatomy (22 decks)

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