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Y4 - Small Animals > Rabbits infectious diseases > Flashcards

Rabbits infectious diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What type of virus is Myxomatosis?

A
  • Leporipoxvirus
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2
Q

What spread myxomatosis?

A
  • Fleas
  • Mosquitoes
  • Cheyletiella mites
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3
Q

What does clinical disease of myxomatosis depend on?

A
  • Viral strain
  • Season (vectors life cycle)
  • Environmental temperature (cold)
  • Age (maternal ABs 4-5 weeks)
  • Immune function
  • Vaccination status
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4
Q

What are clinical signs of myxomatosis?

A
  • Eyelid thickening + purulent eye discharge;
  • Nodules on ears, lips, nares, eyelids, external
    genitalia;
  • Occ. Pneumonic signs;
  • Infertility
  • Death by starvation + 2ary infections
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5
Q

What is shope fibroma? What is its relevance to Myxomatosis?

A
  • Different Leporipoxvirus
  • Naturally infects American rabbit species
  • Induces self-limiting fibromas/fibromatosis
  • Cross-immunity against Myxomatosis

*Attenuated live Shope fibroma virus used in Myxo vaccines

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6
Q

How can you Prevent + Treat Myxomatosis?

A
  • Tx = none effective, euthanasia advised, strict isolation
  • Px = Vaccination - from 5 weeks of age + annual boosters
  • External parasite control
  • avoid contact with wild rabbits
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7
Q

What is viral haemorrhagic disease?

A
  • Calicivirus
  • Highly infectious + high mortality rates
  • 2 Strains = VHD-1, VHD-2
  • Only infects european wild rabbits + pet rabbits
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8
Q

How does VHD spread?

A
  • Urine
  • Faeces
  • Aerosol
  • Biting insects
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9
Q

How does VHD progress?

A
  1. Initial replication of calicivirus inside hepatocytes
    = acute liver failure
  2. DIC
  3. Fibrinous thrombi in lungs, heart + kidneys
    = haemorrhage + organ failure
  4. Death (within 3-4 days)
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10
Q

What are clinical signs of VHD?

A
  • Sudden death
  • Fever
  • Increased RR
  • Collapse, hypotension
  • Neurological signs
  • Haemorrhages (20-25% cases)
  • In rabbits >4 weeks old
  • Younger rabbits resistant to infection
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11
Q

How is VHD diagnosed?

A
  • Clinical signs
  • Gross pathology =
  • Severe necrotizing hepatitis
  • Enlarged spleen
  • Haemorrhages (sp. Lungs)
  • Histology
  • PCR
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12
Q

How can you prevent + treat VHD?

A
  • Tx = none - euthanasia of suspected cases (young rabbits <4wks can survive infection)
  • Px = Vaccinate - from 5 wks + annual boosters
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13
Q

What are 3 different conditions of Papillomatosis?

A
  1. Shope papillomavirus – can cause SCC-like neoplasia in domestic rabbits. Endemic to USA.
  2. Oral papillomavirus – benign wart-like growths in the oral mucosa. Doesn’t progress to malignant changes and is self-limiting.
  3. Ano-rectal papillomatosis – NOT viral-induced. Cauli-flower masses that bleed easily
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14
Q

What is pasteurellosis?

A
  • “snuffles”
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Primary pathogens in immunosuppressed rabbits
  • Secondary pathogen in abscesses
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15
Q

What can predispose rabbits to pasteurellosis?

A
  • Stress / immunosuppression =
  • Overcrowding
  • Pregnancy / lactation
  • Poor husbandry
  • Nutritional deficiencies
  • Poor ventilation
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16
Q

What are clinical signs of Pasteurellosis?

A
  1. Rhinitis (“snuffles”)
  2. Pneumonia
  3. Genital infections
  4. Wounds and abscesses
  5. Dacryocystitis - infection of lacrimal sac
  6. Otitis media/interna
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17
Q

How is pasteurellosis diagnosed?

A
  • Deep nasal swab under GA
  • Serology
  • PCR
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18
Q

How is pasteurellosis managed?

A
  • Reduce stress and overcrowding
  • Improve husbandry
  • Increase ventilation
  • Avoid temperature fluctuations
  • Isolate symptomatic rabbits
  • Antibiotics based on C&S + supportive care + treat specific problems
19
Q

What is the treponema infection in rabbits? How does it spread? What are CS, Dx, Ddx + Tx?

A
  • Treponema paraluiscuniculi
  • Genital infection - rabbit syphilis
  • sexual + vertical transmission
  • CS = nodules, crusty lesions that can ulcerate - vulva/prepuce + lips/nostrils
  • Dx = Histo + special silver stain
  • Ddx = myxomatosis, ano-rectal papillomatosis
  • Tx = Penicillin SC weekly
20
Q

What are different agents that can cause bacterial enteritis?

A

◦ Tyzzer’s disease (Clostridium piliforme)
◦ Clostridial entorotoxaemia
◦ Salmonella sp.
◦ E. coli
◦ Campylobacter spp

21
Q

What is Tyzzer’s disease?

A
  • Clostridium piliforme
  • Affect young rabbits 6-12wks
  • 2ary to stress
  • CS =
    ◦ Acute phase: diarrhea, sudden death
    ◦ Chronic: intestinal fibrosis/stenosis, liver necrosis
  • Dx = serology? PCR
22
Q

What is clostridial enterotoxaemia? What causes it?

A
  • Clostridium spiriforme, C. difficile, C. perfringens
  • Iota toxin
  • Main causes =
    ◦ Diets rich in starch – Caecum overload
    ◦ Stress
    ◦ Antibiotics – specially if administered PO
23
Q

What should be checked with rabbits with diarrhoea?

A

◦ Weight
◦ Dehydration %
◦ Temperature
◦ Gut sounds
◦ Blood glucose
◦ Routine faecal testing (check for coccidia)

24
Q

What should be done to treat diarrhoea?

A
  • Fluid therapy
  • Diet management - high fiber, low starch
  • Antibiotics - fluoroquinolone / metronidazole
  • Other meds - analgesic, maropitant
25
Q

What causes intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits? What are risk factors + CS?

A
  • Eimeria spp (13 species)
  • Risk factors = Groups / age (young)
  • Cs = Diarrhoea (sometimes w blood) + weight loss
26
Q

What causes hepatic (biliary) coccidiosis? What are clinical signs?

A
  • Eimeria stiedae
  • Diarrhoea + weight loss
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Jaundice
  • Higher monrtality than intestinal
27
Q

What is treatment of Cocci? Do rabbits become immune?

A

◦ TMP + Sulfas
◦ Toltrazuril
Also consider:
◦ Supportive care
◦ Diet management
◦ Reduce stress/improve husbandry
Intestinal – rabbits that recover become immune
Hepatic – chronic/permanent changes

28
Q

What are internal parasites of rabbits?

A
  • Pinworm = Passalurus ambiguus
  • Tapeworms =
  • Cysticercus pisiformis - peritoneal cavity / liver
  • Coenurus serialis - SC tissues
  • Echinococcus granulosus
29
Q

What are external parasites of rabbits? Tx?

A
  • Fleas - cat + dog fleas
  • Lice - Haemodipsus ventricosus
  • Mites =
  • Ear mites - Psoroptes cuniculis
  • Skin mites - Cheyletiella parasitovorax
  • Fur mites - Leporacarus gibbus
  • Tx = imidacloprid, Selamectin, Moxidectin
    DO NOT use Fipronil
30
Q

What causes flystrike? Where are rabbits most affected? How long does it take for maggots to form?

A
  • Maggots of Lucilia spp + Calliphora spp
  • Mostly affect tail base + perineum
  • 3-4days
31
Q

What are risk factors for flystrike?

A

◦ Outdoor rabbits
◦ Higher temperatures
◦ Soiled skin with u+/f+ - rabbits with diarrhea, pu-pd
◦ Overweight
◦ Difficulty grooming – arthritis, spinal disease
◦ Uneaten caecotrophs

32
Q

How would you manage flystrike?

A
  • Euthanasia in severe cases
  • Remove maggots - sedate + clip, ivermectin SC, dry with blow dryer
  • Analgesia - Meloxican +/- buprenorphine
  • Supportive care = fluids, gut motility stimulants + antibiotics
33
Q

How can you prevent flystrike?

A
  • Cyromazine
  • Good husbandry + hygiene
  • Clip mats
34
Q

What is Encephalitozoonosis? When do you get CS? What is the transmission?

A
  • Encephalitozoon cuniculi
  • Microsporidia
  • Intracellular obligate parasite – most cells
  • Clinical signs develop when infected cells rupture with spores.
  • Transmission =
    ◦ Inhalation/ingestion of spores shed mostly in urine
    ◦ Vertical
35
Q

What are clinical signs of encephalitozoonosis?

A
  • Most cases = sub-clinical / non-symptomatic
  • Neurological presentations
  • Eye lesions
  • CKD
36
Q

What are Neurological presentations of encephalitozoonosis?

A
  • Head tilt
  • Nystagmus
  • Facial paralysis
  • Paresis/paralysis
  • Muscle weakness
  • Seizures
37
Q

What are eye lesions of encephalitozoonosis?

A
  • Phacoclastic uveitis
  • Lens opacity/rupture
  • Cataracts
38
Q

What is seen with Chronic kidney disease from encephalitonzoonosis?

A
  • Pu-pd
  • Urine scald
  • Progressive weigh loss
39
Q

How is E. cuniculi diagnosed?

A
  • Serology
    ◦ IgM – indicate recent/active infection
    ◦ IgG – indicate chronic infection or previous exposure
    ◦ Always interpret results with clinical signs and other tests
  • PCR – urine or faeces. But shedding of spores is intermittent
  • On suspected cases try to include:
    ◦ Radiographs
    ◦ Biochemistry + Haematology
40
Q

What is Tx of E. cuniculi?

A
  1. Fembendazole 20mg/kg PO 28 days
    ◦ Side effects: bone marrow suppression
    ◦ Only treat confirmed cases or with high suspicion
  2. Anti-inflammatories
    ◦ NSAIDs – e.g. Meloxicam safer
    ◦ Corticoids – contra-indicated due to severe immunosuppressive side effects.
  3. Antibiotics – Fluoroquinolones or Doxycycline
  4. Support medication
    ◦ Prochlorperazine
    ◦ Maropitant
    * midazolam for seizures
    * Eyedrops for ocular lesions / surgery
41
Q

What are 5 possible outcomes of encephalitozoonosis infection?

A
  1. Recovery – very likely to remain sub clinically infected
  2. Neuro deficits – mild head tilt doesn’t affect patient’s QOL
  3. Enucleation – rabbits cope very well post-operatively
  4. CKD – management and monitoring
  5. Euthanasia
42
Q

How can E. cuniculi be prevented?

A
  • Serological testing and separating positives/negatives
  • Strict hygiene
  • Prophylactic use of Fenbendazole
  • Improve husbandry and diet
  • Reduce overcrowding
43
Q
A

Y4 - Small Animals (105 decks)

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