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Y4 - Small Animals > Imaging in Lameness > Flashcards

Imaging in Lameness Flashcards

1
Q

What are indications for Diagnostic imaging?

A
  • Acute or chronic lameness
  • Skeletal or joint pain
  • Fracture confirmation/characterisation
  • Swelling centred on bones/joints
  • Monitoring/screening for inherited musculoskeletal disease
  • Metabolic bone disease
  • Evaluation of systemic disease
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2
Q

What are different diagnostic imaging techniques?

A
  • Radiographs
  • Ultrasound
  • CT + MRI
  • Scintigraphy
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3
Q

What are limitations of radiography?

A
  • Oblique projections can create apparent artefactual lesions
  • Poor soft tissue contrast resolution
  • Geometric distortion if structure at edge of collimated area + not parallel to film
  • Need 2 projections 90o to each other so that you don’t miss anything
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4
Q

What is serial radiography?

A
  • Monitor progression of disease
  • Useful if diagnosis is uncertain
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5
Q

What are rontgen signs?

A
  • Number
  • Size
  • Shape
  • Location
  • Opacity
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6
Q

What are specific assessments in musculoskeletal cases?

A
  • Soft tissues = swelling / loss
  • Bones =
    -Alignment, shape, length
    -Periosteal reaction / cortical lysis / defects
    -Endosteal / medullary changes
    -Physes (growth plates)
  • Joints =
    -Swelling / effusion
    -Subchondral bone
    -Periarticular changes
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7
Q

What can cause reduced size in soft tissues?

A
  • Atrophy (focal) =
    -lameness
    -neurogenic
    -fibrosis/scarring
  • Weight loss (general)
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8
Q

What can cause increased size in soft tissue?

A
  • Focal =
    -Trauma
    -Abscess / seroma
    -Granuloma
    -Neoplasia
  • Diffuse =
    -Oedema
    -Cellulitis / vasculitis
    -Diffuse neoplasia
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9
Q

What is the anatomy of long bone?

A
  • Out to in =
    -Periosteum
    -cortex
    -Endosteum
    -Medulla
  • Epiphysis - right next to joint
  • Diaphysis = shaft
  • Metaphysis = near growth plate
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10
Q

What can cause reduced opacity in bone?

A
  • Artefactual - if overexposed
  • Nutrition
  • Neoplasia
  • Osteomyelitis
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11
Q

What can cause generalised bone loss?

A
  • Nutritional = 2o Hyperparathyroidisim
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12
Q

What can cause localised bone loss?

A
  • Neoplasia
  • Osteomyelitis
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13
Q

With joints what should be assessed?

A
  • Soft tissue swelling
  • Joint ‘space’ width
  • Subchondral bone opacity
  • Osteophyte / enthesophytes
  • Periarticular mineralisation
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14
Q

What may joint effusion not be distinguishable from? What is the exception?

A
  • Joint effusion + Periarticular swelling may look similar
  • Stifle joint - surrounded by fat = contrast = easier to identify a joint effusion of the stifle
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15
Q

Why can’t cartilage be seen on radiograph?

A
  • Same opacity as muscle / soft tissue
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16
Q

What can cause subchondral bone changes (defects)?

A
  • Osteochondrosis
  • Aseptic necrosis (femoral head)
  • Septic arthritis
  • Erosive arthritis (carpus/tarsus)
  • Soft tissue neoplasia
  • Trauma (avulsions)
  • Osseous cyst like lesions
  • (Osteoarthritis only if very severe)
17
Q

What are mineralised bodies around joints?

A
  • Sesamoids
  • Accessory centres of ossification
  • Incidental? - tendinopathies
  • Pathological - osteochondral fragments
18
Q

What are differential diagnosis for radiographic signs? (VITAMIND)

A
  • Vascular
  • Infectious/Immune-mediated
  • Traumatic, toxic
  • Anomalous
  • Metabolic
  • Idiopathic
  • Neoplastic, nutritional
  • Degenerative/Drug induced
19
Q

Where is osteochondrosis more likely to be seen?

A

1.Caudal aspect humeral head
2.Medial part humeral condyle
3.Lateral femoral condyle
4.Medial trochlear ridge talus

20
Q

Where are osteosarcomas likely to be seen?

A

1.Proximal humerus
2.Distal radius/ulna
3.Distal femur
4.Proximal tibia

  • Towards knee away from the elbow
21
Q

What are benefits of ultrasound?

A
  • Muscles, tendons, ligaments well visualised
  • Bone surface seen
  • used for shoulders + Tarsus (calcaneal tendon) often
22
Q

What area of bone do primary tumours tend to arise from?

A
  • Metaphyseal area - osteosarc
  • Usually monostotic - one bone
23
Q

What tumours near joints can damage bones?

A
  • Synovial cell tumour
  • Histiocytic sarcoma

Y4 - Small Animals (105 decks)

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