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Y4 - Small Animals > Anaesthesia of exotic species > Flashcards

Anaesthesia of exotic species Flashcards

1
Q

What are groups of birds with specific concerns regarding anaesthesia?

A
  • Ratites (ostrich, emu, etc)
  • Cranes
  • Flamingos
  • Charadriiformes (waders)
  • Penguins
  • Marine/diving birds
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2
Q

What are general considerations of anaesthesia?

A
  • High incidence of chronic + subclinical disease
  • Susceptible to heat loss + hypothermia -other than penguins + marine birds
  • Small birds = difficult venous access, limited anaesthesia monitoring
  • > mobidity / mortality
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3
Q

What birds do not have nostrils?

A
  • Cormorants, pelicans, gannets
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4
Q

In what bird is the glottis not easily visible?

A
  • Flamingo
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5
Q

What is the difference with CV system of birds?

A
  • Higher HR + BP
  • Higher tolerance to haemorrhage and anaemia
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6
Q

How would you prepare a patient for anaesthesia?

A
  • Weight
  • Complete clinical exam
  • Fasting for larger birds
  • Correct fluids prior to anaesthesia
  • Eye lubricant
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7
Q

What should be checked for on pre-anaesthetic exam?

A
  • Mentation - hypoglycaemia (bradycardia + hypotension), Dyspnea, neuro disease
  • Mucus membranes - pigmented in several species
  • African grey parrots - hypocalcaemia (routine supplement of calcium pre-anaesthesia)
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8
Q

What are indications for sedating birds? what can be used?

A
  • Clinical exam if needed
  • Short procedures - blood sampling, x-rays, beak trim
  • Pre-med for anaesthesia
  • Midazolam + butorphanol
  • reverse with Flumazenil
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9
Q

What can be used for anaesthesia in birds?

A
  • Alfaxalone
  • Propofol - limited by IV access
  • Alpha-agonists (medetomidine) - combine with ket, reverese with atipamezole
  • Parasympatholytics (Atropine) - only in bradycardia / CPR situations
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10
Q

If operating on a bird in a field what can be used?

A
  • Midazolam + butorphanol = sedation
  • Ketamine + medetomidine = anaesthesia
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11
Q

What analgesia can be use in birds?

A
  • NSAIDS = Meloxicam
  • NOT - Flunixin meglumine, Ketoprofen, Diclofenac
  • Opioids - Butorphanol, Buprenorphine, Fentanyl, Tramadol
  • Gabapentin
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12
Q

What can be used for local anaesthesia?

A
  • Combination of =
  • Lidocaine
  • Bupivicaine
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13
Q

What are different venous access in birds?

A
  • Medial metatarsal vein - poultry, waterfowl, larger species
  • Ulnar (brachial vein) - medium to large species - prone to haematomas
  • Intra-osseous catheters - smaller species
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14
Q

Why wound you not use induction chambers for gas anaesthesia in birds?

A
  • Risk of self-trauma
  • Dead space
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15
Q

What can isoflurane cause in birds of prey?

A
  • Induces arrhythmias
  • tachycardia
  • Hypertension
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16
Q

What is important with supportive care during GA?

A
  • Ventilation - 6bpm
  • Fluids
  • Temperature = all birds lose heat rapidly - heat sources
17
Q

What can be done to monitor patients under GA?

A
  • Direct observation =
    ◦ Palpebral/Corneal reflex
    ◦ Wing tone
    ◦ Feather plucking reflex
    ◦ Deep pain/toe pinch reflex
    ◦ Sudden feather erection > cardiac arrest
  • Heart rate = values +/- 20% of baseline - Doppler probe
  • RR = chest movement
  • Blood pressure
  • Temp - cloacal probes
  • Capnography
18
Q

What is the window for resuscitation in birds?

A

<30seconds

19
Q

What is normal approach to most complications?

A
  1. confirm ETT is patent / non-obstructive
  2. Stop anaesthetic gas
  3. Start IPPV
  4. Hypertonic saline - until BP >90mmHg
  5. Crystalloids + colloids
  6. Consider Dextrose 50%
  7. Atropine
  8. Start chest compressions
  9. Adrenaline
20
Q

What should be done for recovery?

A
  1. stop anaesthetic gas + provide O2
  2. Remove IV/IO catheters
  3. Check glottis for mucus build up
  4. Incubator
21
Q

What are key points of lizard anaesthesia?

A
  • Poikilothermic - can’t regulate own temp
  • Disease process frequently subclinical + chronic
  • Long recoveries
22
Q

What is different with lizard CV system?

A
  • 3 chambered heart - 2 atria + 1 ventricle
  • Renal portal system - blood from caudal half body can reach kidneys
  • hepatic portal system - blood from caudal half of body passes through liver before general circulation = drugs metabolised by liver should be admin on forelimbs
23
Q

What are reptiles and tortoises very tolerant to?

A
  • Myocardial hypoxia
  • Diving reflexes in aquatic reptiles
24
Q

How would you prepare a reptile for anaesthesia?

A
  • Full clinical exam
  • Weight
  • Keep patients under POTZ
  • Fasting - 2-3hrs for most species, 1-2days for snakes + chelonians
  • Eye lubricant
25
Q

What are different options for sedation of reptiles?

A
  • Midazolam + opioid
  • Dexmedetomidine + midazolam
  • Alfaxalone
  • Ketamine - snakes
  • Isoflurance in induction chambers
26
Q

If animal is breath holding what can be administered to reduce it?

A
  • Atropine
27
Q

What injectables can be used for induction?

A
  • Ketamine + dexmedetomidine
  • Propofol
  • Alfaxalone
28
Q

How can you monitor anaesthesia in reptiles?

A

Reflexes:
◦ Rightening
◦ Palpebral
◦ Corneal (present but impossible to assess in snakes and some lizards)
◦ Tail, toe, cloacal pinching
◦ Head withdrawl + neck tone (Chelonia)
◦ Tongue withdrawal (Snakes + monitor lizards)
◦ stroking ventral scales
HR:
◦ Doppler over heart – location varies!
◦ ECG

29
Q

What can be used for analgesia in reptiles?

A
  • Opioids = Butorphanol, Morphine, Hydromorphone, Methadone, Tramadol
  • Meloxicam
  • Local anaesthesia = lidocaine, bupivicaine
30
Q

What are general considerations of exotic mammal anaesthesia?

A
  • Most are prey = stress
  • Obligate nasal breathers = rabbit / rodents
  • Prone to hypothermia
31
Q

How would you prepare exotic mammals pre op?

A
  • Weight
  • Full clinical exam
  • No fasting
  • Correct fluids, meds
  • Always lubricate corneas
32
Q

What can be used for pre-med?

A
  • Midazolam + butorphanol
33
Q

How can you monitor anaesthesia?

A
  • HR
  • BP
  • Capnography
  • Reflexes - Rightening, corneal, palpebral, ear pinch, pedal withdrawal reflex
34
Q

Where would you administer IV catheter in a rabbit / ferret?

A
  • Marginal ear vein = rabbit
  • Cephalic vein = ferret
35
Q
A

Y4 - Small Animals (105 decks)

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